Physiology Review Feb 19

Front 1

1. Which is true of hypothalamic/pituitary function

A. hypothalamus secretes only releasing hormones
B. hypothalamic hormones regulate secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary glandular cells
C. hormones from the anterior pituitary is released into the lymph circulation
D. hypothalamic hormones goes in one direct vessel to the anterior pituitary
E. the superior hypophyseal artery assists in regulating posterior pituitary secretion

Back 1

B. hypothalamic hormones regulate secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary glandular cells

Front 2

2. Posterior pituitary hormones are secreted from (neurosecretory / glandular cells) PICK ONE.

Back 2

neurosecretory

Front 3

3. Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted from ( neurosecretory / glandular cells aka epithelial cells) PICK ONE.

Back 3

glandular cells aka epithelial cells

Front 4

4. Which is true of hypothalamic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary secretions

A. all are peptide hormones
B. TRH stimulates the release of T-cells
C. CRH stimulates the release of Ach
D. GNRH stimulates the release of sex hormones
E. Dopamine stimulates the release of several hormones
F. GHRH inhibits the release of growth hormone

Back 4

D. GNRH stimulates the release of sex hormones

Front 5

5. List the 6 commonly mentioned hormones released by the anterior pituitary. What is the lesser known hormone that is also released?

Back 5

GH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, B-endorphins,

MSH

Front 6

6. What is the function of GH?

Back 6

cell growth and division

Front 7

What is the function of TSH?

Back 7

– regulate cellular energy expenditure, metabolism

Front 8

What is the function of ACTH?

Back 8

– controls cortisol production

Front 9

What is the function of Prolactin?

Back 9

– milk production

Front 10

What is the function of FSH?

Back 10

– promotes the maturation of follicles in women and sperm in men

Front 11

What is the function of LH?

Back 11

– promotes ovulation in women and testosterone production in men

Front 12

What is the function of B-endorphins?

Back 12

– endogenous pain killers, opiates

Front 13

What is the function of MSH?

Back 13

– stimulates melanocytes to produce skin pigment

Front 14

8. Define pulses and cycles of hormone release.

Back 14

Pulses – short pulses of hormone production, mostly to regulate a steady state level of a hormone in the body
Cycles – GH (peak at night), cortisol (morning), menstruation cycle

Front 15

9. Which is true of growth hormone and its actions

A. it acts through nuclear receptors
B. it is stimulated by somatostatin
C. it is secreted from the liver to act on the body
D. it causes hyperplasia (cell division)
E. it is secreted from the posterior pituitary

Back 15

D. it causes hyperplasia (cell division)

Front 16

10. Which is true of growth hormone and its actions

A. It is inhibited by GHRH
B. Retention of sulfur is an index of GH action
C. Inhibits hypertrophy
D. Acts through PLC/IP3 cascades
E. stimulates the liver to release IGF-1

Back 16

E. stimulates the liver to release IGF-1

Front 17

11. Which is true of bone (2 right answers)

A. osteoblasts are bone remodeling cells
B. osteocytes are mature bone cells
C. osteoclasts are bone forming cells
D. epiphyseal plate elongation is stimulated by IGF-1
E. osteoid is composed of minerals

Back 17

B. osteocytes are mature bone cells

D. epiphyseal plate elongation is stimulated by IGF-1

Front 18

12. Which is true of GF and IGF-1

A. GH acts through IL-2 receptors
B. IGF-1 binds to intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors
C. GF acts through MAP kinase cascades
D. IGF-1 promotes glucose storage
E. GH inhibits liver secretion of IGF-1

Back 18

B. IGF-1 binds to intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors

Front 19

13. What hormone-related pathology does our mascot Sparty have?

Back 19

Acromegaly – more pronounced figures, unproportional growth of body parts

Front 20

14. Which is true of thyroid hormones

A. they are secreted by the anterior pituitary
B. they are secreted by an organ that is located on the upper left side of the body
C. their effects are localized to certain areas of the body
D. they desensitize other tissues to hormone actions
E. they regulate cellular energy use

Back 20

E. they regulate cellular energy use

Front 21

15. What is the step-by-step synthesis of thyroid hormone in the thyroid?

Back 21

1. iodine in transported into cell using sodium
2. thyroglobulin is synthesized
3. iodine is oxidized onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, iodotyrosine
4. iodotyrosines are coupled to form idothyronines
5. stored in colloid
6. thyroglobulin enters cells, and gets cleaved to release T3/T4 into the body

Front 22

16. What are the 3 types of thyroid hormones secreted and what is the significance of each one.

Back 22

T3 – active
T4 – inactive
rT3 - inactive

Front 23

17. Which is true of thyroid hormone synthesis

A. thyroid peroxidase attaches tyrosines to thyroglobulin
B. iodine is reduced and attached to thyroglobulin
C. enzymes attaches iodotyrosines to form iodothyronines
D. iodine is oxidized to form iodothyronines
E. iodothyronines are coupled to form iodotyrosines

Back 23

C. enzymes attaches iodotyrosines to form iodothyronines

Front 24

18. An increase in T3 would result in

A. Increased activity in follicular cells
B. increased release of TSH
C. decreased release of somatostatin
D. increased release of TRH
E. increased body metabolism

Back 24

E. increased body metabolism

Front 25

19. Which is true of thyroid hormones

A. requires protein carriers
B. is a hydrophilic hormone
C. T4 has the lowest half-life
D. T3 is the inactive form
E. rT3 is biologically active

Back 25

A. requires protein carriers

Front 26

20. Which is true of thyroid hormone

A. T3 is usually in greater concentration than T4 in the blood
B. Inner ring deiodinase turns T4 to T3
C. Outer ring deiodinase turns T4 to rT3
D. Deiodinases regulation is dependent on hypothalamus
E. T4 is produced in the most quantity

Back 26

E. T4 is produced in the most quantity

Front 27

21. Which is true of thyroid hormone function

A. Is bound mainly to albumin in the blood stream
B. Binds to T3R in the nucleus
C. Binds to RXR in the nucleus
D. T3R binds to TRE directly
E. T3 mainly regulates rRNA synthesis

Back 27

B. Binds to T3R in the nucleus

Front 28

22. Which is the role of thyroid hormone in the body?

Back 28

T3 promotes metabolism and regulates it.

Front 29

23. What is cretinism?

Back 29

Insufficient of T3 production in newborn. Impaired cognitive function and developmental defects.

Front 30

24. Which is true of thyroid pathologies

A. cretinism affects adults
B. low blood T3 leads to decreased TSH secretion
C. Hashimoto leads to hyperthyroidism
D. Graves leads to hypothyroidism
E. Hashimoto is an auto-immune disease

Back 30

E. Hashimoto is an auto-immune disease

Front 31

25. What is a goiter?

Back 31

Enlargement of thyroid gland.
Can be due to lack of iodine, increased stimulating effects and release of TSH to stimulate thyroid growth (hypothyroidism).
Can also be present during hyperthyroidism, such as Graves disease when your body makes antibodies that bind to TSH receptors to overstimulate

Front 32

26. What is the adrenal gland, where is it located, what are its functions, and what is its anatomy?

Back 32

Adrenal gland is located above each kidney.

It has the outer cortex with three zones and an inner medulla cell mass.

It is responsible for suppressing immune response, metabolism regulation, stress responses, regulation of sexual characteristics, water regulation.

Front 33

27. Which is true of hormones of the adrenal gland?

A. the Zona Glomerulosa is responsible for mineralcorticoids
B. the Zona Fasciculata is responsible for androgens
C. the Zona Reticularis is responsible for glucocorticoids
D. the Medulla is responsible for androstenedione
E. the cortex is responsible for catecholamines

Back 33

A. the Zona Glomerulosa is responsible for mineralcorticoids

Front 34

28. Diagram vitamin D pathway from cholesterol. Which is the active form? Which is the inactive form?

Back 34

Cholesterol ~~> dihydrocholesterol ~~> 25 vitamin D ~~> 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D active, 24,25

dihydroxy is inactive.
Vitamin D aka cholecalciferol

Front 35

29. Diagram cortisol synthesis, include the two major enzymes on the pathway.

Back 35

Cholesterol ~~> 20,22 Desmolase to make pregnelone ~~> 17alpha hydroxylase + other enzymes ~~> cortisol

Front 36

30. What is the role of cortisol and other glucocorticoids? What simulates its synthesis?

Back 36

Stress will stimulate synthesis, and to promote the available pool of energy in the form of circulating glucose in the bloodstream.

Front 37

31. What is different about the synthesis/release mechanism between cortisol and other peptide hormones?

Back 37

Cortisol and some other hydrophobic hormones are not stored, whereas most peptide hormones are stored.

Front 38

32. What is the role of transcortin, why is it necessary (ie, what properties of cortisol requires this)?

Back 38

Transcortin binds to cortisol in the bloodstream for transport. This is necessary because cortisol is hydrophobic.

Front 39

33. Diagram the pathway of cortisol action on a cell, include major enzymes. What effects does cortisol, or essentially most hydrophobic hormones have, on cell function?

Back 39

Cortisol will enter the cell, binds to GCR, form a dimer with another GCR+cortisol and then it binds to response elements on the DNA to regulate gene expression.
Effects on gene expression

Front 40

34. What anabolic and catabolic functions do glucocorticoids have? What is their ultimate job in the body, rather, what essentially is their function?

Back 40

Anabolism (building up) – gluconeogensis, glycogen synthesis
Catabolic (breaking down) – break down proteins, break down fats, glycolysis

Front 41

35. Why are steroids dangerous to give to people with weak immune systems?

Back 41

Because they suppress the activity of white blood cells, causing increased susceptibility to infections

Front 42

36. What is Addison’s disease? What is Cushing’s disease? Predict what symptoms will show up in these patients based on what you know about cortisol.

Back 42

Addison – hypo, low metabolic rate, bigger, lethargic and tired

Cushing – hyper, weak immune system, high metabolic rate, excess energy in blood

Front 43

37. In the medulla, which of these hormones is present the most for secretion? The least? ~~> Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Back 43

Most – epi
Least - dopamine

Front 44

38. What is the ultimate precursor for catecholamine synthesis? Diagram the steps from the precursor to epinephrine, including the major enzymes involved in the process.

Back 44

Tyrosine ~~> tyrosine hydroxylase makes DOPA ~~> dopamine ~~> norepinephrine ~~> phenylmethyl N-transferase to epinephrine

Front 45

39. What is the role of the catecholamines? What nervous system process does it assist with?

Back 45

Stimulate the body, it associates with the sympathetic nervous system to up-regulate fight-or-flight responses.

Front 46

40. Are the catecholamines hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

What is the mechanism of action for the catecholamines?

Back 46

Hydrophilic

- bind to GPCR adrenergic receptors.