Physiology: Respiration (Block Ii)

Front 1

Which is the only substance known to be activated in the lungs?

Back 1

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.

Front 2

Small hairs near the opening of the nasal cavity filter particles _______ in diameter.

Back 2

>15 micometers

Front 3

Turbulent precipitation traps particles _________ in diameter.

Back 3

5-15 microns

Front 4

There is smooth muscle in the lungs down to the level of _______ ________.

Back 4

Repiratory Bronchioles

Front 5

This is the term given to the regions of the respiratory pathway in which no gas exchange takes place.

Back 5

Dead Space

Front 6

Both resistance and velocity are highest when cross-sectional area is _________.

Back 6

Lowest

Front 7

These cells are found in the smallest airways and slowly act to remove particles.

Back 7

Macrophages

Front 8

The volume of the chest wall and lungs in which the elastic recoil of the chest wall is equal and opposing the elastic rocoil of the lungs.

Back 8

Functional Residual Capacity

Front 9

Fibrosis, edema, and anything that impedes the expansion and contraction of the lungs _________ compliance.

Back 9

Decreases

Front 10

Pulmonary compliance ________with emphysema.

Back 10

Increases

Front 11

The compliance of the system is _______ than the compliance of either component parts.

Back 11

Less

Front 12

If the compliance of either the lung or the chest wall is decreased, the compliance of the whole system ________.

Back 12

decreases

Front 13

If the lung is filled with saline solution and then ventillated, what is the effect on compliance?

Back 13

There is an increase in compliance because the surface tension in the alveoli is lost, this also results in the work of inflating the lung decreasing.

Front 14

________ efeectively decreases the surface tension and distributes pressure among the alveoli, preventing the collapse of smaller alveoli.

Back 14

Surfactant

Front 15

When the radius of the alveoli decreases, what is the effect on surface tension?

Back 15

It also decreases.

Front 16

This pathology creates large increases in resistance from constriction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles:

Back 16

asthma

Front 17

In these two pathologies fluid can move into the alveoli and smaller airways, reducing the effective lumen diameter and increasing the resistance to flow:

Back 17

Edema and Pnuemonia

Front 18

Diseases causing a decrease in compliance (fibrosis) have what effect on total lung capacity and tidal volume? What does the body do to compensate?

Back 18

Decreased compliance causes decreased lung capacity and tidal volume. The person increases frequency to compensate.

Front 19

When compliance increases with disease (emphysema) what is the effect on lung capacity and tidal volume?

Back 19

It increases lung capacity and tidal volume and decreases the frequency of breating.

Front 20

The average volume of the adult dead space:

Back 20

150 ml

Front 21

What is the effect of under-perfused and non-perfused alveoli on dead space?

Back 21

Increases the dead space because there is no exchange of this air in the lungs.

Front 22

What are some examples of obstructive diseases? What type of work is increased in these cases?

Back 22

Asthma, edema, COPD and bronchitis. These increase resistive work. These patients take long, slow breaths and have increased lung capacity and increased tidal volume.

Front 23

What are some examples of restrictive diseases? What type of work is increased in these cases?

Back 23

Fibrosis. This increases elastic work and decreases lung capacity and tidal volume. These people take rapid, short breaths.

Front 24

What is the effect of obstructive disease on FVC and FEV%?

Back 24

FVC is decreased because there is a large increase in residual volume due to trapped air. FEV% is decreased b/c resistance to expiratory flow is increased.

Front 25

What is the effect of restrictive disease on FVC and FEV%?

Back 25

FVC is decreased because there is restriction in the ability to bring air into the lungs. FEV% is unchanged, the airways are normal and can expire normally.

Front 26

The main limit to gas diffusion through tissue is ___________ _______.

Back 26

Tissue Fluid

Front 27

_______(including the cytoplasm), not the cell membrane, forms the main barrier to respiratory gas diffusion.

Back 27

Water

Front 28

In normal situations, the movement of O2 and CO2 are _________ limited. What does this mean?

Back 28

Perfusion limited- if more blood were to be circulated through the pulmonary capillaries, the alveolar air would equilibrate with this increased volume of blood.

Front 29

The top of the lungs are _____ compliant than the bottom lungs.

Back 29

Less- the more negative pressure at the top of the lungs pulls out on the alveoli and there is less steep compliance curves at higher volumes (like filling up a baloon most of the way)

Front 30

Because of gravity, ventillation is _______ at the bottom of the lungs and ______ at the top.

Back 30

Greater, Less.