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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system
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Gas Exchange
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Name the Functions of the respiratory system
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- removal of CO2
- transportation of O2 from air to blood - regulation of pH - regulation of temperature - Speech - Microbe defense |
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What is the alveoli
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Gas exchange unit of the lung
- smallest functional unit |
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What is the Blood Gas Barrier (BGB)
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Separates blood in the pulmonary capillary from gas in the alveoli
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what is the conducting zone
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"anatomical dead space"
- provides low resistance air flow |
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What is the respiratory zone
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area where gas exchange takes place
- alveoli |
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list 5 factors that maximize simple diffusion (gas exchange) across BGB
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- Short diffusion distance
- large surface area - slow blood flow - diffusion gradient - lipid soluble substances (CO2 + O2) |
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what is Boyle's Law
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pressure is inversely proportional to volume
p ~ 1/V |
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what is the intra-pleural space
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space between pleural membranes, that contains fluid providing low friction.
STICKS membranes together (adhesion) |
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what is the transpulmonary pressure
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alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure
= 760mmHg - 756mmHg = 4mmHg |
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what happens in pneumothorax
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a hole develops in lung, causing transpulmonary pressure to equal 0
(alveolar pressure = intrapleural pressure) 760mmHg |
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what muscles are involved in inflation
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external intercostal muscles and diagphram contract
- causing thoracic cavity to increase in volume |
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what muscles are involved in expiration
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external intercostal muscles and diagphram relax
- causing thoracic cavity to decrease in volume |
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what is compliance
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Stretchability of the lungs
- compliance = change in volume of lungs / change in pressure of lungs |
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what 2 major factors affect compliance
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1) elastic tissue component
2) surface tension |
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what are the Elastic Tissue components of the lungs
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blood vessels, alveoli, bronchi
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more elastin = ______ for lung to inflate
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harder
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expiration is a ____ process
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passive
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Forced exhalation during exercise requires these muscles:
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internal intercostal muscles
internal and external obliques rectus abdominus |
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what is pulmonary surfactant
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a phospholipid protein complex
that decrease surface tension |
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when do humans start producing surfactant
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in late fetal life
- also production is stimulated when taking in deep breaths |
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what does a spirometer do
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measures volume of lungs and capacities
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what is the tidal volume (TV)
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amount of air breathed in or out
- at rest = ~ 500mL/breath |
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what is Vital Capacity (VC)
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maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
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what is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
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VC fast as possible
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what is FEV-1
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Forced expiratory volume
- amount of air exhaled in first second during FVC |
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Name the Obstructive diseases of the lungs
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1) Asthma
2) chronic bronchitis 3) emphysema |
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what is asthma
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- triggered by exercise, sudden changes in temp/humidity
- leads to inflammatory response causing bronchoconstriction - increased resistance to airflow = decreased airflow |
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what is chronic bronchitis
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- smoking damages protective cilia lining airways
- excess mucous production and general inflammation - increased resistance to airflow = decreased air flow |
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what is emphysema
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- smoking damages elastin fibers in lungs
- walls between alveoli break down creating large air sacs - decreased surface area |
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Name the restrictive diseases of the lungs
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pulmonary fibrosis
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what is pulmonary fibrosis
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- inhalation of fine particles that cannot be destroyed or removed from lungs (silicon, air pollution, asbestos, coal dust)
- leads to immune reaction and formation of collagen (non elastic-substance) which decreases compliance (stretchability) making it harder to inhale/inflate lungs |
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what is pulmonary ventilation (VE)
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amount of air entering the entire lung (conducting + respiratory zone) in one minute
VE = Tidal volume X Respiratory rate |
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what is alveolar ventilation
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amount of air entering the respiratory zone in one minute
VA = VE - VD where VD = ventilation of conducting zone |
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how do you calculate the Ventilation of the conducting zone (VD)
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Every 1lb = 1mL
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how do you calculate partial pressure of a gas
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total pressure of all gases X fractional concentration of the one gas
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what are the components of air
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78% Nitrogen gas. 21% oxygen gas
0.4% Carbon Dioxide gas + inert gases |
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what happens when you hold your breadth without changing metabolic activity
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decrease [oxygen]
increase [carbon dioxide] increase [H+] |
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what happens when you hyperventilate without changing metabolic activity
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increase [oxygen]
decrease [carbon dioxide] decrease [H+] HOWEVER low CO2 levels causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing amount of O2 going to brain - causing you to pass out |
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what happens when you increase metabolic activity without changing ventilation
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decrease [oxygen]
increase [carbon dioxide] increase [H+] |
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what is blood composed of
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RBC, WBC, plasma
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what is blood plasma composed of
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Ions, (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+)
water H+ HCO3- Hormones proteins |
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what are the two mechanisms of oxygen transport
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1) Dissolved oxygen in blood
- 1.5% oxygen carried this way 2) Oxyhemoglobin transport - 98.5% oxygen carried this way |
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what is erythropoiesis
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a process that produces red blood cells
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what is erythropoietin
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the hormone that signals the bone marrow to create RBCs
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