Physiology: Respiration

Front 1

Alveoli has a Large surface area of about _____

Back 1

(60–80 m2 ).

Each alveolus is 1 cell layer thick. Total air barrier is 2 cells across (2 m).

Front 2

There 500,000 respiratory bronchiole. T/f

Back 2

True

Front 3

There are ~ 400 million airsac. T/f

Back 3

False

300 million

Front 4

There are 2 types of alveoli cells; namely

Back 4

Alveolar type I: Structural cells. Alveolar type II: Secrete surfactant.

Front 5

As alveoli radius decreases, surfactant’s ability to lower surface tension ____________.

Back 5

Increases

Front 6

Disorders related to the surfactants are;

Back 6

RDS.

ARDS

Front 7

The muscle of Expiration is the InternalIntercostal muscles.

The accessorymuscles of expiration are

Back 7

Rectusabdominis,

Transversus abdominis,

Internal and external oblique mucles.

Front 8

The muscles of Inspiration are

Back 8

Diaphragmand

External Intercostal muscle.

Front 9

Expedition occur during Contraction of diaphragm, increases thoracic volume vertically. T/f

Back 9

False

Inspiration( Active)

Front 10

During inspiration ;

Alveolar changes from ___ to ____ mm Hg.Intrapleural changes from ____ to ____ mmHg.Transpulmonary pressure = ____ mm Hg.

Back 10

Alveolar changes from 0 to -3 mm Hg.Intrapleural changes from -4 to -6 mmHg.Transpulmonary pressure = +3 mm Hg.

Front 11

Expiration Pressure changes during Intrapulmonary pressure changes from __ to ___ mm Hg. Intrapleural pressure changes from ___to ____ mm Hg. Transpulmonary pressure = ___ mm Hg.

Back 11

Intrapulmonary pressure changes from -3 to +3mm Hg. Intrapleura pressure changes from -6 to -3 mm Hg. Transpulmonary pressure = +6 mm Hg.

Front 12

Three Processes ofRespiration;

Back 12

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

physical movement of air into and out of lungs

inspiration - active

expiration - usually passive

Pulmonary (external) respiration

gas exchange at lung

Tissue (internal) respiration

gas exchange at tissues

Front 13

Decreases pressure (Boyle’s law – volume inversely related to pressure) is related to inhalation. T/f

Back 13

True

Front 14

There are 4 lung volumes, mention them

Back 14

Tidal

Inspiratory reserve

Expiratory reserve

Residual.

TIrREr

Front 15

_______ is the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle.

Back 15

Tidal volume

Front 16

Tidal Volume =

Back 16

~500 ml

Front 17

_________ is themaximum volume of Gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to Tidal volume

Back 17

Inspiratory Reserved volume

Front 18

Inspiratory reserved volume =

Back 18

~3100 ml

Front 19

_____ is the maximum volume of gas that can be expired during force breathing.

Back 19

Expiratory Reserved volume

Front 20

Expiratory reserve volume =

Back 20

~1200 ml

Front 21

_____ is the volume of gas remaining after maximum expiration

Back 21

Residual volume

Front 22

Residual volume =

Back 22

~1200 ml

Front 23

Lung capacities are classified into 4 type;

Back 23

Vital capacity

Inspiratory capacity

Functional residual capacity

Total lung capacity

VIFT.

Front 24

________ is the amount of gas that can be Expired after Maximum inspiration.

Back 24

Vital Capacity

Front 25

Vital capacity =

Back 25

~4800

Front 26

________ is the amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal Tidal expiration.

Back 26

Inspiratory capacity

Front 27

_________ is the amount of gas remaining after NTE ( normal tidal expiration )

Back 27

Functional Residual Capacity

Front 28

Inspiratory capacity =

Back 28

~3600 ml

Front 29

Functional Residual capacity =

Back 29

~2400 ml

Front 30

_______ is the Total amount of gas in the lungs after maximum inspiration

Back 30

Total Lungs capacity

Front 31

Each hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains and 4 hemes. In the center of each heme group is 1 atom of iron that can combine with 1 molecule of oxygen. T/f

Back 31

True

Front 32

Hemoglobin does not lose an electron when it combines with 02. T/f

Back 32

True

Front 33

________Has iron in the oxidized form (Fe3+ ). Lacks electrons and cannot bind with 02.

Back 33

Methemoglobin

Front 34

_________heme is combined with carbon monoxide. The bond with carbon monoxide is 210 times stronger than the bond with oxygen. Transport of 02 to tissues is impaired.

Back 34

Carboxyhemoglobin

Front 35

Anemia: [Hemoglobin] below normal. Polycythemia: [Hemoglobin] above normal.

What's wrong

Back 35

Nill

Front 36

Hemoglobin production controlled by erythropoietin Is stimulated by ____ delivery to kidneys.

Back 36

PC02

Front 37

Loading/unloading depends:

Back 37

•P02 of environment.

•Affinity between hemoglobin and 02

Front 38

With Decreased pH, increased temperature, andincreased 2,3 DPG: Affinity of hemoglobin for 02___________

Back 38

Decreases.

Greater unloading of 02

Shift the curve to the right.

Front 39

Effect of 2,3 DPG on 02Transport

Back 39

Anemia:RBCs total blood [hemoglobin] falls, eachRBC produces greater amount of 2,3 DPG.Since RBCs lack both nuclei and mitochondria,produce ATP through anaerobic metabolism.

Fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin f):Has 2 y-chains in place of the B-chains.Hemoglobin f cannot bind to 2,3 DPG.Has a higher affinity for 02

Front 40

Control of Respiration can be divided into 2;

Back 40

Neural control: This is influence of nerve cells of the central nervous system on the regulation of breathing

Chemical control:This is the regulation of breathing due to input from receptors sensitive to the chemical composition of the blood.

Front 41

Neural Control Divided into

Back 41

Voluntary Control : Located in the cerebral cortex Responsible for breathholding.

Involuntary Control : Located in the Pons and Medulla Responsible for the automatic control of breathing

Front 42

The primary portions of the brainstem that control ventilation are the ______&_______

Back 42

Medulla oblongata

and

Pons.

Front 43

What are the two respiratory nuclei in medulla oblongata

Back 43

Inspiratory center (dorsal respiratory group, DRG) • more frequently they fire, more deeply you inhale • longer duration they fire, breath is prolonged, slow rate

Expiratory center (ventral respiratory group, VRG) • involved in forced expiration

Front 44

Dorsal Respiratory Group are also known as _______

Back 44

I-Neurons

Front 45

_________Sets the basic respiratory rate & Stimulates the inspiratory muscles to contract (diaphragm)

Back 45

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Front 46

The signals DRG sends for inspiration start weakly and steadily increase for ~ 2 sec. This is called a ________ and produces a gradual inspiration.

Back 46

Ramp

The ramp then stops abruptly for ~ 3 sec and the diaphragm relaxes.

Front 47

Ventral Respiratory Group are also called

Back 47

E neurons

Front 48

VRG is inactive during normal and quiet respiration. T/f

Back 48

True

Front 49

Activities of medullary rhythmicity center is influenced by pons. T/f

Back 49

True

Front 50

________ Promotes inspiration by stimulating the I neurons in the medulla.

Back 50

Apneustic center

Front 51

__________ Antagonizes the apneustic center. Inhibits inspiration

Back 51

Pneumotaxic center:

Front 52

Rate and depth of ventilation adjusted to maintain arterial PC02 of _____mm Hg

Back 52

40 mm Hg.

Front 53

_______ is More sensitive to changes in arterial PC02.

Back 53

Central Chemoreceptors

H+ cannot cross the blood brain barrier. C02 can cross the blood brain barrier and will form H2C03.

Lowers pH of CSF. • Directly stimulates central chemoreceptors.

Front 54

Peripheral chemoreceptors:Are not stimulated directly by changes in arterial PC02 • T/f

Back 54

Stimulated by rise in [H+] of arterial blood.Increased [H+] stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors.

Front 55

Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by __________ while central chemoreceptors are stimulated by _______________

Back 55

Peripheral = rise in [H+] of arterial blood

Central = changes in the arterial PCO2

Note

H+ can not cross blood brain barrier, CO2 can and will form H2CO3

Front 56

Lower pH of cerebrospinal fluid directly stimulates central chemoreceptor

Back 56

True