Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
About 2/3 of the water in the body is what?
|
intracellular
|
|
|
About 1/3 of the water in the body is what?
|
extracellular
|
|
|
What % of body weight is water?
|
57%
|
|
|
What makes up 7% of body water?
|
plasma
|
|
|
What makes up 18% of body water?
|
lymph
|
|
|
What makes up 12% of body water?
|
CSF, synovial, ears, eyes, etc.
|
|
|
How much fluid do you take in daily by food and drink?
|
2100 ml/day
|
|
|
How much fluid do you take in daily by catobolic water?
|
200 ml/day
|
|
|
The regulation of fluid intake is stimulated by what?
|
thirst center
|
|
|
The thirst center located where is sensitive in blood osmotic pressure?
|
thirst center
|
|
|
The thirst center in the hypothalamus stimulates the release of what when osmotic pressure is too high?
|
ADH
|
|
|
What are in major arteries that detect any drop in BP and alert the thirst center?
|
pressoreceptors
|
|
|
What stimulates the thirst center?
|
angiotensin II
|
|
|
With increased BP there is an increase in what?
|
GFR and urine
|
|
|
With increased BOP, what is released which increases water resorption in DCT and CD?
|
BOP
|
|
|
With decreased BP, the kidney releases what?
|
renin
|
|
|
What needs to stay in the blood so BP will stay in increased?
|
solute
|
|
|
What is the specific heat of copper?
|
0.092
|
|
|
What is the term for raising one calorie to one gram?
|
high specific heat
|
|
|
High specific heat has a high ability to maintain what?
|
body temperature
|
|
|
Is water more or less dense when frozen?
|
less
|
|
|
At what temperature is water most dense?
|
3.98 degrees celsius
|
|
|
What happens to water when it becomes less dense?
|
it floats
|
|
|
What is the term for water having a plus and minus charge?
|
polarity
|
|
|
Water has a plus and minus charge which makes it what?
|
efficient solvent
|
|
|
How much energy does it take for water to convert from liquid to gas
|
539 cal/gram
|
|
|
Why is water a very efficient coolant for the body?
|
high heat of vaporiztion
|
|
|
How much energy is needed to raise a gram?
|
1 calorie
|
|
|
What is function of water that converts liquid water into a solid?
|
high heat of fusion
|
|
|
How much energy does it take to convert liquid water into a solid?
|
80 cal/gram
|
|
|
What is the term for the function of water moving up tubes by capillary action?
|
high suface tension
|
|
|
What allows insects to walk on top of water?
|
high surface tension
|
|
|
What % of oxygen is in plasma?
|
2%
|
|
|
What are the functions of water?
|
transport O2, CO2 waste, food
Solvent for chemical reactions Diluton for acids Maintain osmotic balance Hydrostatic movement |
|
|
What is an example of hydrostatic movement?
|
peristalsis in the gut
|
|
|
What are the types of electrolytes?
|
anions and cations
|
|
|
What are some examples of anions?
|
Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-2
|
|
|
What are some examples of cations?
|
Na+, K+, MG+2
|
|
|
Where do electrolytes inonize in?
|
solution
|
|
|
Electrolytes control osmotic pressure because they are what?
|
solutes
|
|
|
Where are the major regions of the body where there are electrolytes?
|
plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid
|
|
|
What is the content of Na, Cl, protein, and K in plasma?
|
high Na and Cl, medium protein, low K
|
|
|
What is the content of Na, Cl, protein, and K in plasma?
|
high Na and Cl, low protein and K
|
|
|
What is the content of Na, Cl, protein, and K in plasma?
|
high protein and K, low Na and Cl
|
|
|
What is an expression of the number of charges in a solution?
|
mEq/L
|
|
|
Values of electrolytes are measured in what?
|
mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the term for MW in milligrams per L?
|
millimoles
|
|
|
What is the term for # of particles per unit volume?
|
milliosmoles
|
|
|
What impacts osmotic pressure?
|
milliosmoles
|
|
|
What is the term for # of charges per unit volume?
|
milliequivalents
|
|
|
What indicates the charges in a solution?
|
equivalents
|
|
|
What is the typical value of sodium and potassium in plasma?
|
Na=140 K=5
|
|
|
What is the typical value of sodium and potassium in interstitial space?
|
Na=135 K=10
|
|
|
What is the typical value of sodium and potassium in intracellular space?
|
Na=10 K=130
|
|
|
What means "we like it, so we eat it"?
|
hedonistic
|
|
|
What % of potassium in filtrate is lost?
|
15%
|
|
|
Where can you get potassium from?
|
food and traces of cytoplasm
|
|
|
Increased what causes us to dump potassium?
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
What is released when serum calcium is too low?
|
parathormone
|
|
|
What is in bone tissue that extracts calcium from the bone?
|
osteoclasts
|
|
|
Where is calcium absorbed?
|
gut and kidney
|
|
|
What causes 25, hydroxycholecelcipherol to be transformed into Vitamin D?
|
parathormone
|
|
|
What increases the the absorption of calcium from the gut?
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
What converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin to cholecalcipherol?
|
UV light
|
|
|
What converts cholecalcipherol to 25, hydroxycholecalapherol?
|
liver
|
|
|
What converts 23, hydroxycholecalapherol to 1,25 dihydroxycholecelapherol?
|
PTH
|
|
|
What is the abbreviation of 1,25 dihydroxycholecelapherol?
|
1,25 (OH)2 D3
|
|
|
Where is calcitonin release from?
|
thryoid gland
|
|
|
What is released when serum caclium level rises above normal levels?
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
What is one of the most critical balances in live?
|
acid base balance
|
|
|
What are compounds that produce hydrogen ions when placed in solution?
|
acids
|
|
|
What are compounds that accepts hydrogen ions in solution?
|
bases
|
|
|
What are substances that prevent extreme changes in the number of free hydrogen ions or free Oh- in solution?
|
buffers
|
|
|
What are the four buffer systems?
|
bicarbonate, hemoglobin, phosphate, and protein
|
|
|
What is an expression of the H+ concentration in solution?
|
pH
|
|
|
What is the pH of pure water equal to?
|
7
|
|
|
What is the whole name of pH?
|
puissance Hydrogen
|
|
|
As the concentration of H+ increases in solution, what decreases in solution?
|
OH-
|
|
|
What means that for each change in number the concentration changes ten times?
|
logarithmic
|
|
|
The pH scale was named by who?
|
Sorensen
|
|
|
Is the pH of most foods and drugs acidic or basic?
|
acidic
|
|
|
What factors can cause pH change?
|
increase or decrease in pH
catabolic acid production ingestion of acid foods and drugs pH is balanced at about 7.4 |
|
|
What terms is used when CO2 is discussed during pH?
|
respiratory acidosis or alkalosis
|
|
|
If you increase CO2 content, what else do you increase?
|
H+
|
|
|
What terms are used with acid production?
|
metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
|
|
|
If your pH shifts below 7.35, what is this called?
|
acidosis
|
|
|
If your pH shifts above 7.45, what is this called?
|
alkalosis
|
|
|
What can cause acidosis?
|
hypoventilation, increase in H+, lose bicarbs
|
|
|
What can cause alkalosis?
|
hyperventilation, H+ loss (vomit), increase bicarbs (antacids)
|
|
|
What can adujust for the change of pH?
|
compensation and buffers
|
|
|
What prevents drastic changes in pH?
|
buffers
|
|
|
How do buffers prevent drastic pH change?
|
add or sponge up H+
|
|
|
What do not completely ionize in solution?
|
weak acids
|
|
|
What type of buffer adds H+ or OH- to shift toward or away from CO2 and H2O?
|
carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer
|
|
|
What happens when acid are added to blood or lymph?
|
shift away from the H+ and HCO3-
|
|
|
What combines with H+ to become water?
|
OH-
|
|
|
What happens when OH- is added to a solution?
|
shifts toward H+ and HCO3-
|
|
|
What buffer system is present in blood and interstitial fluid and has to do with monobasic and dibasic?
|
phophate buffer system
|
|
|
Is mono or dibasic an H+ donor?
|
monobasic
|
|
|
Is mono or dibasic an H+ acceptor?
|
dibasic
|
|
|
What buffers H+ in RBC's?
|
hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin buffer
|
|
|
What is a weaker acid, hemoglobin or H2CO3?
|
hemoglobin
|
|
|
What happens when hemoglobin gives up oxygen and takes on a negative charge?
|
hemoglobin steals H+ from H2CO3
|
|
|
What works as a buffer because there is a carboxyl at one end and an amine at the other end?
|
protein buffer system
|
|
|
Kidney excretion helps to maintain what?
|
pH
|
|
|
What two things can the kidneys do to help maintain pH?
|
dump H+ and conserve HCO3- or conserve H+ and dump HCO3-
|
|
|
What kidneys compensate for pH change it is called what?
|
metabolic compensation
|
|
|
What is the increase of H+ content somewhere like in muscle?
|
dilution
|
|
|
What the lungs compensate for pH change what is this called?
|
respiratory compensation
|
|
|
Increased PCO2 in blood causes what?
|
decreased pH
|
|
|
What causes respiratory alkalosis because an increased breathing rate causes more carbon dioxide to be blown ou?
|
hyperventilation
|
|
|
Can you have acidosis or alkalosis at the same time?
|
no
|
|
|
When hyperventilation occurs, the PCO2 value is lowered to what?
|
35 mmHg
|
|
|
What causes respiratory acidosis becasue carbon dioxide is not released from blood?
|
hypoventilation
|
|
|
When hypoventilation occurs, the PCO2 value is increased to what?
|
45 mmHg
|
|
|
What is the normal pH?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
What pH level would cause acidosis?
|
below 7.35 (7.38)
|
|
|
What pH level would casue alkalosis?
|
above 7.45 (7.42)
|
|
|
What is the term for inadequate CO2 release from lungs?
|
respiratory acidosis
|
|
|
What are some examples of respiratory acidosis?
|
emphysema, polio, obesity, pulmonary edema, kyphoscoliosis
|
|
|
What is the term for a decrease of CO2 in blood?
|
respiratory alkalosis
|
|
|
What one thing causes respiratory alkalosis?
|
hyperventilation
|
|
|
What is the term for the HCO3- content is below 24 mEq/L?
|
metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
What is the normal value for bicarbonate (HCO3-)?
|
24 mEq/L
|
|
|
What does "rhe" mean"
|
flow
|
|
|
What can cause metabolic acidosis?
|
abnormally high acid producing metabolism
bicarbonate loss renal failure acid drugs |
|
|
What is the term for HCO3- is above 24 mEq/L?
|
metabolic alkalosis
|
|
|
What causes potassium to be placed into the filtrate while sodium is resorbed?
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
Aldosterone activity causes a loss of what which can push someone into alkalosis?
|
hydrogen ions
|
|
|
When pH deviates from normal it moves in one of two directions: what are they?
|
toward acidosis or alkalosis
|
|
|
What is the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3-?
|
1:20
|
|
|
If the ratio of H2CO3 and HCO3- is less then 1:20 what does the pH shift to?
|
acidosis
|
|
|
If the ratio of H2CO3 and HCO3- is more then 1:20 what does the pH shift to?
|
alkalosis
|
|
|
If the ratio of H2CO3 and HCO3- is 1:1, what is the pH?
|
6.2
|
|
|
When the pH is 6.2 and there are equal amounts of the reactants is reached what is this called?
|
pK
|
|
|
What three values do you get when a lipid panel is done?
|
PaCO2, HCO3-, pH
|
|
|
In normal blood, what is the value of PCO2?
|
40 mmHg
|
|
|
In normal blood, what is the value of HCO3-?
|
24 mEq
|
|
|
In normal blood, what is the value of H2CO3?
|
1.2 mEq
|
|
|
Can you have acidosis and alkalosis at the same time?
|
no
|
|
|
Can you have both repiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis at the same time and same with acidosis?
|
yes
|
|
|
A PCO2 level above 40 mmHg (if acting alone) shitfts blood into what?
|
respiratory acidosis or compensation for metabolic alkalosis
|
|
|
A PCO2 level below 40 mmHg shift blood into what?
|
respiratory alkalosis or compensation for metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
A HCO3- level above 24 mEq/L shifts blood into what?
|
metabolic alkalosis or compensation for respiratory acidosis
|
|
|
A HCO3- level below 24 mEq/L shifts blood into what?
|
metabolic acidosis or compenstion for repiratory alkalosis
|
