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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another name for blood pressure?
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hydrostatic pressure
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What is the name for the pressure inside the glomerulus?
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glomerular BP
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What is the typical BP inside the glomerulus?
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50 and 60 mmHg
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Hydrostatic pressure is affected by what which is afferent arteriole change?
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systemic BP
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What pulls into blood?
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blood colloid osmotic pressure
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What pressure is from solute in the filtrate from the Bowman's capsule?
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capsular colloid osmotic pressure
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What is the name for the fluid in Bowman's capsule resisting filtration?
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capsular hydrostatic pressure
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What is effective filtration pressure?
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net pressure
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What allows proteins to enter the filtrate?
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increased glomerular permeability
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A rise in protein in filtrate increases what?
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capsular osmotic pressure
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An increased in golmerular permeability can occur with what?
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PSGN
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What cuases more sugar to spill into the filtrate which also increases COP and increased filtrate production?
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hyperglycemia
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What is one of the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
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polyuria
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Hyperglycemia causes what which then causes what?
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glucusuria...polyuria
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What can increase urine output even though the kidney does have an autoregulation mechanism to constrict afferent arterioles?
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elevation of BP
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A rise in systolic pressure from 100 to 200 mmHg will increase urine output how much?
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7 fold
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A increase in salt ingestion will increase what?
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BOP
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An increase in BOP with increase what?
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water resorption and blood volume and pressure
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What is the movement of fluid and other substances from the filtrate back into blood?
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tubular resorption
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Of the 125 ml/min of GFR filtrated all but approximately how much is reabsorbed?
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1 ml
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Where is fluid from the filtrate absorbed through?
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renal tubule epithelium
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What type of movement costs you ATP?
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active transport
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What makes up Urea?
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carbon dioxide and ammonia
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During active transport, what is actively transported out of tubule cells and into the interstital space?
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sodium
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After sodium passes into blood during active transport, what follows by secondary active transport?
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glucose and amino acids
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Chloride ions are actively transported from filtrate in the top part of the what?
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ascending loop on Henle
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What lets water reach a state of equilibrium?
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ADH
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During passive immunity water passes by what?
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osmosis
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What needs to be present for there to be osmosis?
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water and membrane
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During passive transport, what % of urea that is in the filtrate is resorbed back into kidney tissue?
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50%
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During passive transport, calcium is resorbed when what is released?
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PTH
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What produces the parathormone?
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parathyroid gland
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PTH causes what to form in the membrane?
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calcium channels
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The mechanism for removing K+ is by releasing what?
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aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
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What is a fat soluble steroid that diffuses from blood across membranes and into cuboidal cell cytoplasm?
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aldosterone
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Aldosterone combines with what in cell cytoplasm?
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protein receptor
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What organs help to maintain blood pH?
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kidney and lungs
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Is hypoventilation acidosis or alkalosis?
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acidosis
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Is hyperventilation acidosis or alkalosis?
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alkalosis
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With an increase in H+ in blood there is an increase in what?
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H+ secretion
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What is the term for how much stuff is present?
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moles
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What is the term for how many "pieces" or number of solute is in a solution?
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osmoles
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What is the term for how many charges such as + or - there are in a solution?
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equivalents
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Where does glomerular filtration occur?
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Bowman's capsule
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Where does the resorption of the glomerular filtration occur?
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proximal convuluted tubules
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What % of GFR is resorbed by the PCT?
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65-80%
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Where is another 5% of resorption occur and where filtrate becomes hypotonic to surrounding tissues?
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Loop of Henle
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What is not allowed out of the filtrate in the Loop of Henle?
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water
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Where is between 0 and 10% of filtrate resorbed depending on the concentration of ADH in blood?
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distal convuluted tubules
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More ADH means more reorption of what?
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water
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What are sensitive to ADH and resorb between 0 and 4% of the GFR?
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collecting ducts
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What refers to the direction of flow?
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countercurrent
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There is no active transport of what during countercurrent mechanism?
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water
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The gradient between the fluid within renal tubules and tubule cells never exceeds what number?
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200 mOsm
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What is the value of fluid in the DCT filtrate?
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100 mOsm
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What is the value of fluid in the DCT cells?
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300 mOsm
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What is measure of the number of particles in a liter of solution?
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mOsm
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The ability of solutes to cause osmosis and inclence osmotic pressure is measured in terms of what?
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osmoles
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What is the measure of the total number of particles that cuases osmotic pressure?
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osmole
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One milliosmole produces how much pressure?
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19.3 mmHg
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What means that the molecule doesn't separate into pieces in solution?
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nonionizable
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What does NaCl ionize into when placed into water?
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Na+ and Cl-
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If two particles are formed what happens to the osmotic pressure?
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it doubles
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The gradient between the fluid within renal tubules and tubule cells never exceeds what number?
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200 mOsm
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What is the value of fluid in the DCT filtrate?
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100 mOsm
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What is the value of fluid in the DCT cells?
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300 mOsm
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What is measure of the number of particles in a liter of solution?
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mOsm
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The ability of solutes to cause osmosis and inclence osmotic pressure is measured in terms of what?
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osmoles
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What is the measure of the total number of particles that cuases osmotic pressure?
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osmole
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One milliosmole produces how much pressure?
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19.3 mmHg
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What means that the molecule doesn't separate into pieces in solution?
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nonionizable
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What does NaCl ionize into when placed into water?
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Na+ and Cl-
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If two particles are formed what happens to the osmotic pressure?
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it doubles
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What results from albumins in plasma?
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blood oncotic pressure
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What is another name for blood oncotic pressure?
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colloid osmotic pressure
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Bood oncotic pressure is equal to what number?
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20 mmHg
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What happens when someone is starving and using their albumins as an energy source?
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BOP will go down, lose solute in blood, blood becomes hypotonic, therefore water is lost which causes edema
Proteins are being taken away |
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The osmotic gradient in the pyramids is about what number near the cortex and what number at the papilla?
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300 mOsm, 1200 mOsm
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About 2/3 of the high osmotic pressure is due to what?
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salt ocncentration
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About 1/3 of the high osmotic pressure is due to what?
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urea
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What loops down into the pyramid and back out to the cortex?
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Loop of Henle
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What are the most powerful diuretics?
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loop diuretics
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What can inhibit the chloride pump activity in the ascending limb of Henle?
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lasix and edecrin
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Filtrate enters the DCT with an osmotic pressure of about what?
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100 mOsm
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The maximum amount of water resorption in the DCT brings the filtrate into what with the surrounding cells?
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isotonic balance
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What opens porse to let water move by osmosis?
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ADH
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The concentration of the medullary interstitium gradient is maintained by what?
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vasa recta circulation of capillaries and urea diffusing from filtrate to interstial space and active transport of salts from filtrate
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What has a slow rate and carries blood from teh cortex into the pyramid and back out to the cortex?
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vasa recta
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What is part of the peritubular capillaries?
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vasa recta
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Where does the vasa recta capillaries go?
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cortex to medulla back to cortex
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What is the vasa recta meaning the descending vessels are counter-current to the ascending vessels and that they are close together?
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countercurrent
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The descending vasa recta blood flow is very sloow so what happens to water and salt?
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water diffuses out of blood and salt diffuses into blood
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What is gained by the countercurrent mechanism?
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extra 5% of GFR is resorbed
filtrate becomes hypotonic allows urine to reach an osmotic pressure of about 1200 mOsm |
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What is the final product of kidneys?
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urine
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How much urine is produced daily?
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1,000 to 1,800 ml/day
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What decreases BP during urine production?
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glomerular filtration rate
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ADH slows down the loss of water which stimulate what?
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thirst receptor
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What is the goal of a diuretic?
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increase urine output
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An increase in temperature does what to urine?
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increase urine output
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Where is carbonic anhydrase present?
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RBC's and kidney tubule cells
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What is an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?
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diamox
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What does a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor do?
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blocks H+, Na+, and HCO3 resorption
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Where is the site of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?
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PCT
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Without a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, what is reabsorbed from tubule cells?
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HCO3-
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What does a Loop do?
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inhibits Cl- resorption
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Where is the site of a Loop?
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ascending Henle
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What is an example of a Loop?
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lasix
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What does Loop block from the filtrate into cells of the ascending limb?
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chloride, sodium, and potassium
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What two things happen with a Loop?
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increases salt content in the filtrate and causes a decrease in the osmotic gradient
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What is the action of a thiazide?
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inhibits sodium resorption
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Where is the site of a thiazide?
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distal convuluted tubule
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By blocking sodium resorption with thiazides, the osmotic pressure in the filtrate remains slightly higher taking what with it?
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water
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What is the action of the potassium sparing?
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inhibits aldosterone and inhibits Na+ and K+ exchange
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Where does the potassiium sparing take place?
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DCT
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What does potassium sparing do to the Na+/K+ pump?
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sodium remains in the filtrate and the pump is blocked
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Where does osmotic take place?
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DCT and PCT
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What freely diffuse into Bmwman's capsule but are notresorbed?
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osmotic
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What does osmotic do?
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elevate filtrate osmotic pressure
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What is an example of an ADH inhibitor?
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alcohol
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What is the action of an ADH inhibitor?
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inhibits ADH
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What is the site of an ADH inhibitor?
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DCT and CD's
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What stimulation will dilate afferent ateries?
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parasympathetic stimulation
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Afferent dilators increase GFR which increases what?
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the output of urine
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Emotions can do what to urine output?
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decrease it
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What is a clinical test that is used to evaluate kidney function?
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renal clearance
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Kidneys function to do what to blood?
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clean blood
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Of the 125 ml of blood filtrated through kidneys how many ml resorbed leaves glucose?
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0 ml
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Of the 125 ml of blood filtrated through kidneys how many ml resorbed leaves urea?
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60 ml
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Of the 125 ml of blood filtrated through kidneys how many ml resorbed leaves uric acid?
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12 ml
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Of the 125 ml of blood filtrated through kidneys how many ml resorbed leaves potassium?
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12 ml
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Of the 125 ml of blood filtrated through kidneys how many ml resorbed leaves creatine?
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125 ml
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What is a relative density comparison between any liquid and water?
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specifc gravity
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What is the specific gravity of water?
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1.0
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What is the specific gravity typically of urine?
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1.008 to 1.03
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The higher the specific gravity the higher the what?
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solute concentration
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What is the composition of urine?
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water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, chloride, potassium
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What is the name for the abnormal content of proteins in urine?
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albuminuria
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What is albuminuria caused by?
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increased BP
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What is the name for abnormal content of sugar in urine?
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glucosuria
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What is glucosuria linked to?
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diabetes mellitus
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What is the name for the abnormal content of blood in urine?
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hematuria
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What is the cause of hematuria?
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urinary tract is bleeding
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What is the name for WBC's in the urine?
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pyuria
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What is the name for the abnormal amount of ketones in urine?
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ketonuria
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Ketonuria causes what...which causes what?
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ketonemia...ketoacidosis
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What is present in blood with someone who has ketonuria?
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metabolic products of fat and protein catabolism
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What is the name for having chunks of cellular debris, epithelial cells, wax, and fats in urine?
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casts
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What is the name for having chunks of crystals in urine?
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calculi
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A normal function of the kidney is to excrete what from blood?
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nitrogenous waste
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Nitrogenous waste is mostly in the form of what?
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urea
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When too much nitrogenous waste is present in blood what is it called?
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uremia
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What is important to watch in someone with kidney disease?
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blood urea nitrogen level (BUN)
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Does BUN increase or decrease when kidneys slow down?
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increases
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What is the inflammation of the renal pelvis?
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pyelitis
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What is the inflammation of the urinary bladder?
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cystitis
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What is the name for any disease that slows kidney function?
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renal insufficiency
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What is the name for when cells are getting exposed to enough oxygen after ischemia?
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tubular necrosis
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What is acute 95% of the time and display proteinuria and hematuria?
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glomerulonephritis
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What is glomerulonephritis associated with?
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Post Strept.
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What is a clinical treatment for kidney disease or failure?
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hemodialysis
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