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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the stroke volume at rest?
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70 ml
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Just before ventricular systole the ventricles may have how much blood inside?
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130 ml
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After systole, the ventricles only have how much blood remaining?
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60 ml
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What changes stroke volume?
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end-diastolic volume
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What is the volume of blood that enters the ventricle before ventricular contraction begins?
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preload
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What is the name for "more in, more out"?
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Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
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With an increase in heart rate there is a deacrese in what?
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filling time
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What is related to the force of contraction?
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end-systolic volume
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What is the volume of blood that remains in the ventricle after contraction?
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end-systolic volume
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What is the strength of a cardiac muscle contraction depends on how much the fibers are stretched?
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Frank-Starling
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What decreases with increased sympathetic stimulation?
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ESV (end-systolic volume)
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ESV increases with increased what?
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afterload
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As the membrane potential moves from -90 mv closer to the threshold of -82 mv what is this called?
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hypopolarization
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As the threshold is reached, what follows?
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depolarization
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What occurs when the membrane potential moves away from the threshold, like to -95 mv?
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hyperpolarization
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What leaking from the cell causes hyperpolarization?
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potassium
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What sets the "pace"?
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S-A Node
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What closes the K+ gates faster, the AV Node or the S-A Node?
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S-A Node
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What slows the closing of potassium channels which allows potassium to leak out of the cell?
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vagal stimulus
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What are sensitive to an increase in blood pressure?
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pressoreceptors
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What is similar to the carotid sinus reflex and is located in the aorta?
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aortic reflex
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The carotid sinus reflex is sensitive to an increase in blood pressure and when it is detected the message is sent through what?
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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What detect changes in blood gas and H+ contact?
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chemoreceptors
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Where are chemoreceptros located?
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large arteries
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What gets lower in blood when you stop breathing?
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pH
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Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released by what?
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adrenal medulla
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Norepi and epi slow down the permeability of what from the cell and increases what permeability into the cell?
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potassium, calcium
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Norepi and epi slow down permeability of K+ and increase Ca++ permeability causing the cell to become what?
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hypopolar
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Who have a faster heart rate, Males or Females?
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females
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How fast does a hearts beat in a small warm blooded animal such as a shrew?
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600 beats/min
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How fast does an African elephants heart beat?
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25 beats/min
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What is heartbeat related to?
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relative size
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With a physically conditioned heart, there is an increase in what?
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heart rate, stroke volume, circulation, breathing strength, myoglobin, and # of mitochondria
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A non-conditioned hearted increases heart rate more, but does not increase what?
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stroke volume
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For every 1 degree celsius, heart rate increases how beats per minute?
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12 to 20 bpm
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Increased what casues the heart to become flaccid and dilated?
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serum potassium
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What is normal serum potassium level?
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3.5 to 5 mEq/L
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What is the greek name for potasisum?
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kalium
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What is the Greek name for sodium?
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natron
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Some catecholamines are what; substances that increase heart tone or strengthen the contractions?
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cardiotonics
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What tones the heart or strengthens the heart?
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cardiotonics
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What is an example for a cardiotonic that is not a catecholamine?
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digitalis from foxglove
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What is a cardiotonic and a catecholamine that stimulates vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure?
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dopamine
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How do you figure out the temperature outside while listening to a cricket?
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# of chirps in 15 seconds plu 40
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What is a result of pressure?
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blood flow
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Does blood flow from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure or from lower to higher?
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higher pressure to lower pressure
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What is created by heart contractions pumping blood?
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pressure
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What happens to blood pressure if all vessels constrict?
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goes up
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What happens to BP if all vessels dilate?
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goes down
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What happens to BP if constriction occurs in one organ, but not anywhere else in the body?
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nothing happens
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If there is increased pressure, what happens to flow?
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it increases
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If there is increased resistance, what happens to flow?
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it decreases
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Where does blood flow the slowest through?
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capillaries
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Where does blood flow the fastest through?
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aorta
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Velocity of flow is related to the size of what?
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vessels
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What % of blood is in small veins and venules?
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25%
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What % of blood is in large veins?
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39%
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What % of blood is in arterioles?
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2%
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What % of blood is in capillaries?
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7%
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What % of blood is in the heart?
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7%
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What % of blood is in small arteries?
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5%
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What % of blood is in large arteries?
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6%
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What % of blood is in pulmonary circulation?
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9%
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What are two factors that affect blood flow to the body?
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cardiac output and resistance from vessel wall
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Does vasoconstriction in vessels that supply an organ decrease or increase blood flow?
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decrease
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Does vasodilation in vessels that supply an organ decrease or increase blood flow?
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increase
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What is the term for whether or not blood is thick?
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blood viscosity
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What are located in the carotid sinus and in large arteries?
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baroreceptors
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Baroreceptors detect an increase in what?
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blood pressure
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When the kidney detects a decrease in BP it releases what?
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renin
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Renin converts what into what?
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angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
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Angiotensin I is converted into what as blood passes through the lungs?
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angiotensin II
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What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
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ACE
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What keep you from making angiotensin II?
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ACE inhibitors
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What is an example of an ACE inhibitor?
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altase
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When do you release ADH?
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when you want to conserve and absorb water
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Where is ADH released from?
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posterior pituarity
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What promotes muscle contraction?
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epinephrine
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What is a non-sensitive Beta blocker?
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propranolol
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What is the only thing not inhibited by Beta 2's?
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insulin release from the pancreas
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What produces prothrombin and fibrinogen?
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liver
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What is a specific Beta-1 blocker?
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metaprolol
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What pass easily across cell membranes?
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fat soluble substances and water
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What do endothelial cells have between cells that easily allow water and ions to pass?
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clefts
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What is water movement regulated by?
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hydrostatic pressure and colloid onchotic pressure
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Is interstitial hyderostatic pressure pulling fluid or pushing fluid into the interstial space?
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pulling fluid
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What is the term for too much flow going into the interstial space and not enough going into capillary?
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edema
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What is the pressure in the interstial space that results from the presence of blood proteins like albumins that have leaked into the space?
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interstitial colloid osmotic pressre
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What is the net force at which fluid will be pushed and pulled from blood to the interstial space or the other way from the interstial space into blood?
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effective filtration pressure (Peff)
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What is the equation for Peff?
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(BHP + IOP) - (IHP +BOP)
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What states that a near-equilibrium exists at the capillary membrane?
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Starling's law of the capillary
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When there is failure on the right side of the heart what does this cause?
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edema in arms and legs
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When there is failure on the left side of the heart what does this cause?
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edema in the lungs
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What blocks the return of lymph to blood?
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elephantiasis
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What is elephantiasis caused by?
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wuchereria bancrofti
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What is the term for a full peritoneal cavity?
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acites
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What is the disease the first child gets when the second child is born?
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Kwashiorkor
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What is the term for not enough albumins in the blood?
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hypoalbuminemia
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What is the term for when left side of the heart fails?
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pulmonary adema
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What is the term for when right side of the heart fails?
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systemic adema
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What % of cardiac output goes to the lungs?
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100%
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Is pulmonary systolic pressure lower on the right or left side?
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left side
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Does the right or the left side pump more volume of blood?
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the same
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The heart releases what which is hypoxic and causes local vasodilation?
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adenosine
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What % of cardiac output goes to coronary vessels?
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5%
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What % of cardiac output goes to the cerebrum?
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15%
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Blood flow in muscles depends on what?
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level of activity
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What % of cardiac output goes to the skin?
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8% and up
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What is the bodies cooling surface?
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skin
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What is your hue if there is fast flow and dilated vessels?
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scarlet
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What is your hue if there is slow flow and dilated vessels?
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deep blue
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What is your hue if there is fast flow and constricted vessels?
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pink
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What is you hue if there is slow flow and constricted vessels?
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ashen
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What is a dilation of the wall of an artery, vein, or the hearth which causes local weakness in the vessel or heart wall?
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aneurysm
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