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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trace Minerals
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-iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, iodide, manganese, and molybedum
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Essential functions of trace minerals
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1. helps hormones function
2. maintain health of RBC's 3. protect bones and teeth 4. cofactors--attach to and activate metalloenzymes |
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Bioavailability
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-vary based on
1. individuals nutritional status 2. other foods eaten 3. form of the mineral 4. presence of other minerals -little digestion needed for absorption -deficiency symptoms are hard to recognize and are often overlooked |
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Iron
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-most abundant mineral on earth
-most abundant trace mineral on earth -2 forms: heme and nonheme |
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Heme Iron
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-more easily absorbed--animal flesh (18% bioavailability)
-Fe2+ is more easily absorbed--more soluble |
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Nonheme Iron
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-bioavailability decreased by phytates, oxalates, and polyphenols
-80% of iron consumed -forms used for enrichment |
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Hephaestin ferroxidase
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on the basolateral side of the enterocyte
-Fe (II) is oxidized by protein hephaestin to Fe (II) |
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Ferritin (Fe3+)
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-storage form of iron in the cytosol of cells
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Ferroportin (Fe2+)
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-exports iron across the basolateral intestinal cell membrane
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Transferrin (Fe3+)
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-transports iron in the blood and plasma
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Absorption
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-influenced by iron stores, rate of erythropoiesis, hypoxia, and inflammation
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Functions of Iron
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-participates in oxidation-reduction reactions
-heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes) -important for immune function -protects from free radical damage -helps enzymes involved in the production of neurotransmitters |
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Antioxidants
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-catalase, heme, CuZnSOD, GPx, and MnSOD
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too much iron
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-symptoms include constipation, nausea, vomiting and diarhhea
-accidental consumption of supplements containing iron is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in children -essential nutrient--but can lead to free radical generation in the body |
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Iron Overload
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-build-up of excess store of iron over several years
-can damage organs of tissues -hemochromatosis can cause overload |
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Too little Iron
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-most common nutrient deficiency around the world
-iron-deficiency anemia -microcytic hypochromic anemia -insufficient iron in the body (fatigue, pale skin, irritability, shortness of breath, brittle nails, pica, blue tinge, and decreased appetite) -children develop irreversible intellectual impairment |
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Copper
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-copper is found in two forms of the body
-Cu2+ and Cu+ -mostly absorbed in the small intestine--based on need -30-40% absorbed little copper is stored in the body |
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Copper Absorption
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-absorbed in the small intestine
-enhanced absorption by amino acids and bioavailability -phytates, zinc, and other microminerals reduce bioavailability |
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Functions of Copper
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1. metalloenzymes
2. iron metabolism 3. assists in energy production 4. helps synthesize melanin 5. links the proteins collagen and elastin together in connective tissue 6. component in the superoxide dismutase 7. plays a role in blood clotting and maintaining a healthy immune system |
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Copper Transport and Storage
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-metallothionein (intracellular binding of metals--Cu and Zn)
-ceuroplasmin (absorbed copper incorporated and is a copper carrying protein) |
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Too much Copper
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-GI discomfort
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Copper Deficiency
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-rare
-fatigue and weakness -anemia -impaired immune function and growth and development |
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High intake of Zn and how it affects copper
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-stimulates synthesis of metallothionein which binds copper tightly preventing it from moving out of mucosal cell to blood
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Manganese
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-trace mineral in the body
-activates enzymes -found in the bones and accessory organs of the GI tract |
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Functions of Mn
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-cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes in the metabolism of carbs, fats, and AA
-participated in formation of bone matrix -helps build bone cartilage supporting the joints |
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Too much manganese
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-damage to the nervous system
-symptoms resembling parkinson's disease |
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Too little manganese
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-rare
-phytates, calcium, and iron interfere with absorption -rash and scaly skin |
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Ultratrace minerals
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-Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium
-effects are unknown in humans |
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Herbal supplements
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popular in treating illness and promoting health
-readily available -inexpensive -no prescription -not FDA approved, all natural |
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Gingko Biloba
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-memory and mental function
-GI distress, headache, and allergic skin reactions |
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St. John's Wort
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-Well-being
-nausea, anxiety, containing similar ingredients as prozac |
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Ginseng
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-immunity, sexual function
-diarrhea, headache, and insomnia |
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Garlic
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-cancer prevention, and decrease in blood pressure
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echinacea
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-wound healing, and immune stimulant
-allergies |
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Saw Palmetto
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-prostate health
-nausea and decreased libido |
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Kava
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-relieves anxiety and stress
-liver damage, visual disturbance and dizziness |
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Zinc
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found in the body in small amounts of every cell
-mostly in bone and muscle -involved in metalloenzyme function -structural component in enzymes bound to metallothionein |
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Zinc Absorption
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-controlled in the small intestine
-after absorption it is bound to metallothionein -in the blood it is bound to albumin -excess zinc is excreted in the feces -reduced in the presence of high levels of nonheme iron are present -phytates and diets high in fiber are consumed |
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Zinc Metabolism
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-zinc secreted in pancreatic and intestinal juices
-enterenterocytes -excess sloughed off in feces |
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Functions of Zinc
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-involved in the function of more than 100 metalloenzymes
-needed for DNa and RNA synthesis -gene transcription -keeps the immune system healthy -help wounds heal -taste perception -reduce risk of age-related macular degeneration -part of the enzyme superoxide dismutase -zinc fingers |
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Zinc Fingers
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-transcription factors
-binds with DNA to initiate and regulate transcription |
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Too much Zinc
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-excess can interfere with copper absorption
-suppress the immune system -lower HDL |
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Too little Zinc
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-delayed growth in children (failure to thrive, and delayed neurological and behavioral development)
-hair loss -loss of appetite -impaired sense of taste -diarrhea -delayed sexual maturation -impotence -skin rash |
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Selenium
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-selenomethionine is the form of most dietary selenium
-almost all dietary selenium is absorbed and stored in a variety of tissues -homeostasis maintained in kidneys through excretion |
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Functions of Selenium
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-thyroid hormone metabolism (selenoproteins regulate thyroid hormones)
-antioxidant (cofactor of antioxidant proteins--glutathione peroxidase) -research suggest deaths from cancer are lower in groups of people that consume more selenium |
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Too much Selenium
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-selenosis
- brittle nails and hair -stomach and GI discomfort, skin rash, fatigue, and damage to the nervous system |
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Too little selenium
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-muscle weakness and pain
-keshan disease--asian cultures -damages the heart--chronic disease over time -selenium poor soil |
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fluoride
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-is not classified as essential because the body does not require if for normal growth and development
-is found naturally in plants and animals and often added to water supply -is mostly absorbed in the small intestine |
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Functions of Fluoride
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-maintains healthy teeth
-forms fluoroapatite -helps maintain strong bones -may increase bone mineral density -reduce incidence of osteoporosis |
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Too much Fluoride
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-fluorosis in teeth and bones
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too little fluoride
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-increased susceptibility to dental caries
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Chromium
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-the most recent mineral discovered
-trivalent is the active form found in food very little is absorbed from food -stored in a variety of tissues |
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Functions of Chromium
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-increases insulin effectiveness in cells
-may improve blood glucose levels in indvididuals with diabetes -improve metabolic syndrome and weight -research doesn't support claims that it enhanced weight loss and body composition |
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Too much chromium
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-may reduce absorption, transportation and utilization of iron
-no known risks of consuming excessive amounts in food or supplements |
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Too little chromium
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-rare
-may increase blood glucose levels and fatty acid levels |
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Iodide
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-the ionic form of iodine
-iodization of salt -public health achievement |
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Functions of Iodide
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-essential for the thyroid
helps to 1. regulate metabolic rate 2. reproduction 3. bone growth 4. neuronal maturation 5. energy metabolism |
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Thyroid hormones in gene expression
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modulation of protein formation
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Hyper and hypothyroidism
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-both yield the same effects
-goiter and thyroiditis |
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Too little iodine
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-increased stimulation of thyroid by TSH
-controlled by the anterior pituitary -stimulated by the thalamus -damages developing baby -Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism--abnormal sex development, mental retardation and dwarfism) |
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Molybdnenum
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-cofactor for metalloenzymes
-metabolism of certain amino acids -redox reactions |
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Too much molybdnenum
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-shown to cause reproductive problems and kidney disorders in animals
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too little molybdenum
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-not seen in healthy individuals
-rapid heartbeat -headaches -night blindedness |
