Physiology Of Exercise Test #2

Front 1

Order of blood flow in heart...

Back 1

1.

Front 2

Function of right and left atria?

Back 2

1. Reservoir for blood before going to ventricles to be pumped to lungs or body.
2. Right atria gets deoxy blood from body.
3. Left atria gets oxy blood from lungs.

Front 3

Function of right and left ventricle?

Back 3

1. Pump blood to lung or body.
2. Right ventricle pumps to lungs
3. Left ventricle pumps to body.
4. Left ventricle larger due to having to pump at a higher pressure.

Front 4

Function of pulmonary artery?

Back 4

1. Take blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygen.
2. 30/10 mmHg

Front 5

Function of aorta?

Back 5

1. Take blood from the left ventricle and distribute it out to the body.
2. 120/80 mmHg

Front 6

Function of superior and inferior vena cava?

Back 6

1. Bring blood back from the venous system and dump into the right atria

Front 7

Function of the pulmonary veins?

Back 7

1. Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the left atria of the heart.

Front 8

Function of the pulmonary valve?

Back 8

1. Stops blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has been pumped towards the lung through the pulmonary artery.

Front 9

Function of the mitral valve?

Back 9

1. Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.

Front 10

Function of the tricuspid valve?

Back 10

1. Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts.

Front 11

Function of aortic valve?

Back 11

1. Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has been pumped out.
2. The closing of the mitral valve is the first sound heard on stethoscope, the closing of aortic valve is second sound.

Front 12

Right and left coronary arteries?

Back 12

1. They bring blood to the heart muscle, so that it can get oxygen, nutrients, get rid of waste, etc.

Front 13

How do valves open or close?

Back 13

1. Valve opening or closing is based on pressure differences.
2.When the pressure is greater in the ventricle, the valve closes. When the pressure is greater in the atrium, the valve opens.

Front 14

When is the mitral valve open? the tricuspid valve?

Back 14

1. Mitral valve opens when blood flows through to the left ventricle from the left atria. It closes when the left ventricle contracts so that blood doesn't leak backwards.
2. The tricuspid valve opens when the right atrium is full of blood, the blood goes to right ventricle and the tricuspid valve closes when the right ventricle pumps so blood doesn't go backwards.

Front 15

What is the order that valves will open/close beginning with blood coming into the right atrium?

Back 15

1. Tricuspid Valve
2. Pulmonary valve
3. Mitral Valve
4. Aortic valve

Front 16

Normal blood path through the heart?

Back 16

1. Comes into right atrium
2. Goes to right ventricle
3. Goes to lungs
4. Comes into left atrium
5. Goes to left ventricle
6. Pumped to body.

Front 17

Pathway of normal conduction for the heart?

Back 17

1. Initiated in the SA node (depolarization around 100 bpm) Spreads through both atria. As the impulse comes through atria contract.
2. AV node conducts electrical impulse into ventricles by the AV bundle that goes down septum and into both ventricle. This is delayed about .13 s to allow for blood to empty from atria before ventricular contraction.
3. Purkinje fibers transfer the AV signal 6 times faster than rest of conduction system so that heart beats as one.

Front 18

What node is the heart's natural pacemaker?

Back 18

1. SA node (sinoatrial)
2. (AV node is back-up, 60 bpm)

Front 19

What does the P wave represent in terms of electrical conduction?

Back 19

1. Atrial depolarization
2. Occurs when the electrical impulse travels from SA node through the atria to AV node.

Front 20

What does the QRS complex represent in terms of electrical conduction?

Back 20

1. Ventricular depolarization
2. Occurs as impulse spreads from AV bundles to the Purkinje fibers and through ventricles.

Front 21

What does the T wave represent in terms of electrical conduction?

Back 21

1. Ventricular repolarization

Front 22

What does the parasympathetic system do to the heart?

Back 22

1. Vagus nerve carries impulse to SA and AV node, this releases achetycholine which causes hyperpolarization. This results in slower depolarization = slower heart rate.
2. SLOWER HEART RATE, DECREASES FORCE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION
3. As low as 20-30 BPM
4. Predominates when HR below 100 BPM

Front 23

What does the sympathetic system do to the heart?

Back 23

1. Increases rate of depolarization and conduction speed.
2. Increases Heart Rate
3. Max stimulation means up to 250 BPM
4. Predominates when HR above 100 BPM

Front 24

Arterioles and capillaries...

Back 24

1. Arterioles - site of greatest control of circulation by the sympathetic nervous system.
2. Capillaries - narrowest and smallest vessels, one cell thick. All exchange between blood and tissue occurs at capillary level.

Front 25

Effects of muscular activity on blood return to heart... (muscle pump, etc)

Back 25

1. Muscle pump - when muscles contract, they press on veins forcing blood upwards towards the heart.
2. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.
3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure in the abdomen from breathing helps create a pressure gradient that forces blood upwards toward heart.

Front 26

Normal percentage of blood that is plasma and formed elements?

Back 26

1. Plasma - 55-60 %
2. Formed - 40-45 %

Front 27

What is the systolic and diastolic pressure?

Back 27

1. Systolic - highest pressure in aorta when ventricles contract (systole) 120
2. Diastolic - lowest pressure when the ventricles are relaxing/filling. (diastole) 80
3. 120/80 mmHg

Front 28

Relationship between Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output?

Back 28

1. Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle in one minute.
2. Heart Rate X Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output

Front 29

What is the Stroke volume average at rest in standing posture?

Back 29

1. 60 - 80 ml of blood

Front 30

How do arterioles control blood flow distribution?

Back 30

1. Intrinsic:
- Vasoconstrict or dilate.
- Due to increased oxygen demand (dilate to allow more oxygen to come in with more blood)
- Increases in by-products (CO2, K+, H+, lactic acid)
- Substances in endothelium (inner lining of arterioles) secrete NO, prostaglandins, EDHF to dilate.
- Pressure changes within vessels (myogenic response)
- Sympathetic nervous system can vasoconstrict.

Front 31

What is the myogenic response?

Back 31

1. Pressure changes within the vessels cause them to vasodilate or vasoconstrict depending on situation.

Front 32

What is distribution of blood flow during rest and exercise?

Back 32

1. Rest: Spread out amongst all parts of body. More in digestive to digest food and muscles to move)
2. Exercise: Most of blood flow in muscles and skin to allow heat to escape. Rest is spread out amongst other parts.

Front 33

What is the percentage of blood flow in muscles during rest? During exercise?

Back 33

1. Rest: 15-20 %
2. Exercise: 70-85 %

Front 34

Normal response of systolic, diastolic, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and a-v O2 diff to exercise?

Back 34

1. Systolic Pressure: INCREASES
2. Diastolic Pressure: Stays same
3. Heart Rate: INCREASES
4. Stroke Volume: INCREASES
5. Cardiac output: INCREASES
6. A-V O2 difference: INCREASES

Front 35

What is the first thing that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle?

Back 35

1. The heart!!
2. Coronary arteries bring adequate blood to heart no matter exercise or not.

Front 36

What makes an irregular rhythm/stray beat?

Back 36

1. Impulse from somewhere other than the SA node.

Front 37

Exercise heart rate, how it changes from rest to max effort...

Back 37

1. Starts with some parasympathetic stimulation keeping beat around 65 bpm.
2. Then when start exercising, parasympathetic goes away and so beat goes to normal 100 bpm of SA node.
3. Then sympathetic system kicks in to bring HR up above 100 BPM.

Front 38

In endurance athlete's, when their resting stroke volume goes up after training for awhile, their HR does what?

Back 38

1. Resting stroke volume up = HR goes down.

Front 39

Why is the left ventricle larger than the right ventricle?

Back 39

1. It has to pump out blood at a higher pressure to get it all the way around the body, where the right ventricle just has to go to the lungs.

Front 40

What is bradycardia? Tachycardia?

Back 40

1. Brady - resting HR below 60 BPM
2. Tachy - resting HR above 100 BPM

Front 41

What is a premature ventricular contraction?

Back 41

1. skipped or extra beat from impulses originating outside SA node.
2. PVC

Front 42

What is ventricular tachycardia?

Back 42

1. Three or more PVC's.

Front 43

How do you calculate Stroke Volume?

Back 43

1. End Diastolic - End Systolic

Front 44

What is the average ejection fraction at rest?

Back 44

1. 60 % at rest

Front 45

Why does stroke volume increase after endurance training?

Back 45

1. Ventricles can fill with more blood.
2. Contractibility increases.

Front 46

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Back 46

1. Breathing
2. Process by which we move air in and out of the lungs.

Front 47

What are the bronchi?

Back 47

1. Primarily transport tubes that contain clusters of alveoli.
2. Bronchial Tree

Front 48

What are alveoli?

Back 48

1. Clusters of alveolus.
2. Alveolus - terminal air sac at the end of the bronchial tree in the lungs, where gas exchange takes place with capillaries.

Front 49

How does inspiration and expiration work?

Back 49

1. When the lungs expand, the pressure difference gets less than the atmosphere, therefore air rushes into the lungs.
2. When they compress, the pressure gets greater than the atmosphere air rushes out of the lungs.

Front 50

What muscles help with inspiration/expiration?

Back 50

1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
2. These muscles help expand the thoracic cage and allow lungs to expand to create the pressure difference.
3. During heavy exercise: - scaleni, pectorals, sternocleidomastoid (inspiration), abdominals (expiration)

Front 51

What is valsalva?

Back 51

1. process of holding breath and attempting to compress the contents of thoracic/abdominals causing increased intrathoracic pressure.

Front 52

How does the O2 pass from the alveoli into the blood?

Back 52

1. Gases move across the membrane according to their partial pressure gradients.
2. Blood comes into alveoli with P02 Pressure of around 40 mmHg, but alveoli pressure of P02 is more like 60-65 mmHg, so there is movement into the blood.

Front 53

What is Fick's Law?

Back 53

1. Rate of diffusion through a tissue such as the respiratory membrane is proportional to the surface area and the difference in partial pressures of gas between two tissues.

Front 54

What is oxygen diffusion capacity?

Back 54

1. Rate at which oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.

Front 55

Why can CO2 still easily diffuse from blood into alveoli even though there is only about a 6 mmHg pressure gradient?

Back 55

1. Because the coefficient of CO2 is much greater than that of oxygen, so it can still move easily across.

Front 56

What is partial pressure?

Back 56

1. Individual pressures from each gas in a mixture.
2. EX. PO2 in the aveoli is greater than PO2 in the deoxygenated blood, so blood rushes into the cell.

Front 57

What is diffusion?

Back 57

1. Movement of gases along a pressure gradient.
2. Usually from a higher pressure TOWARDS a lower pressure.

Front 58

What is hemoglobin?

Back 58

1. Iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen.

Front 59

What are the concentrations of CO2, N2 and O2 in the air?

Back 59

1. CO2 - .03 %
2. N2 - 79.04 %
3. O2 - 20.93 %

Front 60

What are the partial pressures of N2, O2 and CO2 in air when total pressure is 760 mmHg? N2 - 79 %, O2 - 21 %, CO2 - .03 %

Back 60

1. 600.4 mmHg - N2
2. 159.1 mmHg - O2
3. .2 mmHg - CO2

Front 61

What is the O2 and CO2 partial pressure in alveolar air?

Back 61

1. O2 - 105 mmHg
2. CO2 - 40 mmHg

Front 62

What is the O2 and CO2 partial pressure in tracheal air?

Back 62

1. O2 - 159.1 mmHg
2. CO2 - .2 mmHg

Front 63

What is the O2 and CO2 partial pressure in arterial blood?

Back 63

1. O2 - 100 mmHg
2. CO2 - 40 mmHg

Front 64

What is the O2 and CO2 partial pressure in Venous blood?

Back 64

1. O2 - 40 mmHg
2. CO2 - 46 mmHg

Front 65

How are partial pressures responsible for directional diffusion of gases in the body?

Back 65

1. When one area has a higher pressure then the other, the gas moves towards the lower pressure area.
2. So, if the alveoli had a pressure of 100 mmHg and the cell had a pressure of 60 mmHg, the gas would go into the cell from the alveoli.

Front 66

How many molecules of oxygen can a single molecule of hemoglobin carry?

Back 66

1. 4 molecules of oxygen for every 1 hemoglobin.

Front 67

How much O2 (ml) can be carried in 100 ml of blood?

Back 67

1. 16-24 ml
2. Average is 20 ml

Front 68

How much hemoglobin (g) does 100 ml of blood in males contain? Females?

Back 68

1. 14-18 g in males
2. 12-16 g in females

Front 69

What is maximum voluntary ventilation?

Back 69

1. Max capacity to move air into and out of the lungs.
2. Usually measured for 12 seconds and then multiplied to minute value.

Front 70

What is minute ventilation?

Back 70

1. Amount of air a person breaths in a minute.
2. Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate = Minute ventilation.

Front 71

What are the three ways of CO2 transport?

Back 71

1. Bicarbonate ions - CO2 and water form carbonic acid - which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion. Rejoin later in lungs to be sent off as CO2.
2. Dissolved in plasma
3. Bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) - on globin part, not hemo.

Front 72

What percent of CO2 is transported by bicarbonate ions?

Back 72

1. 60-70 %

Front 73

What is the chloride shift?

Back 73

1. Since bicarbonate ion is negative, a chloride ion goes from plasma into red blood cell to neutralize the bicarbonate coming into the plasma.

Front 74

What percent of CO2 is transported by plasma?

Back 74

1. 7-10 %

Front 75

What percent of CO2 is transported by hemoglobin?

Back 75

1. 20 ish %

Front 76

What is Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference?

Back 76

1. Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood.
2. The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content reflects the 4-5 ml of oxygen per 100 ml of blood taken by the tissues.
3. As rate of oxygen use increases, A-V O2 difference increases. (15-16 ml during high exercise)

Front 77

Under normal circumstances, hemoglobin is about ______ % saturated with oxygen.

Back 77

1. 98 %

Front 78

What does the inspiratory area of the brain do?

Back 78

1. Intrinsically fire and control basic rhythm of ventilation.
2. Expiratory area quiet - passive process at rest.

Front 79

What effect does the apneustic area have on the inspiratory center? Pneumotaxic center?

Back 79

1. Apneustic - Excitatory effect
2. Pneumotaxic - Inhibits (shuts off inspiration)

Front 80

How do chemoreceptors work in respiration?

Back 80

1. sensitive to blood changes in PO2
2. Also to H+ concentration and PCO2.
3. If PCO2 gets too high, this excites the process in order to get rid.

Front 81

How many ml of O2 per gram of hemoglobin?

Back 81

1. 1.34 ml of O2

Front 82

Can the respiratory system be controlled?

Back 82

1. Yes - although if you hold your breath long enough CO2 builds up and you have a strong urge to breath, which is the part where autonomous kicks in.

Front 83

What does hyperventilating before swimming do?

Back 83

1. Causes your CO2 levels to decrease and therefore prevent the breathing urge for a longer point in time.

Front 84

To increase VO2 max -

Back 84

1. Increase heart rate
2. increase stroke volume
3. Increase AVO2 difference

Front 85

As partial pressure of O2 decreases, ____________ decreases.

Back 85

1. Oxygen saturation

Front 86

Oxygen saturation -

Back 86

1. 98 % of oxygen it can possibly carry - hemoglobin.

Front 87

Normal values of SV and exercise values?

Back 87

1. Normal - 70 ml/beat
2. Exercise - 120 ml/beat sometimes 190 ml/beat for trained individuals