Physiology Of Aging

Front 1

By 2030, how many people in USA will be over age 65?

Back 1

71.5 million (20 percent of population)

Front 2

Why is exercise programming important for the aging population?

Back 2

-Prevalence of functional impairment and chronic disease increases with age
-disabilities can interfere with ADLs

Front 3

Health concerns with aging
(5 most common chronic conditions)

Back 3

1. hypertension (49%)
2. arthritis (36%)
3. Heart disease (31%)
4. Any cancer (20%)
5. diabetes (15%)

Front 4

What happens as we age?

Back 4

-loss of taste
-decreases visual/auditory functioning
-decreased muscle mass
-decreased bone mineral density
-increased body weight
-increased chronic disease
-increased risk of falls
-decrease in fitness
-decrease in nerve conduction velocity

Front 5

Four components we need to consider when looking at physiological change in the aging population.

Back 5

1. height/weight
2. body comp.
3. cardiorespiratory endurance
4. muscular fitness

Front 6

when does height start to decline?

why?

Back 6

Height generally starts to decline around age 35-40 yrs.

this is due to compression of intervertebral discs and poor posture

Front 7

when does osteoporosis become a factor?

Back 7

women - age 40-50
men - age 50-60

Front 8

Why does osteoporosis occur for the general pop? In women?

Back 8

General pop - poor diet and lack of exercise

Women - more prone to osteopor. because estrogen levels decrease after menopause

Front 9

When does weight generally increase?
what happens after this point?

Back 9

weight typically increases from ages 25-45, then stabilizes for 10-15 years, then begins to decrease.

people over age 65-70 tend to lose their appetite and lose weight

Front 10

Why is P.A. important for maintaining a healthy body weight?

Back 10

-maintains muscle mass
-decreases fat mass
-regulates appetite

Front 11

As we age, why does body fatness tend to increase? (3 reasons)

Back 11

1. decreased metabolic rate
2. decreased activity level
3. energy intake does NOT match the declining need for calories (i.e. we take in too many calories)

Front 12

When does body fat begin to increase?
How long does it generally increase?
How much body fat do we tend to put on?

Back 12

Body fat begins to increase around age 20, and continues to increase until age 75. (about 10 kg increase, or 22 lbs of fat increase)

Front 13

Give 3 reasons why body fat increases after maturity

Back 13

1. increased dietary intake of calories
2. decreased P.A.
3. reduced ability to mobilize fat

Front 14

Fat free mass is stable until age 40, but decreases thereafter, due to:

Back 14

-decreased muscle mass
-increased bone mineral loss
-decreased P.A.

Front 15

Describe how muscle mass is lost in older people.

Back 15

As we age, muscle protein synthesis rate is reduced, while muscle protein breakdown rate is unchanged.

Front 16

Describe how bone density is lost in older people.

Back 16

As we age, the rate of reabsorbtion of bone by osteoclasts exceeds the rate of formation by osteoblasts.

Also, decreased P.A. can have a negative impact on bone density

Front 17

When exercising with older pops., we need to avoid decreasing muscle mass.

How and why?

Back 17

Reducing muscle mass will result in a loss of FFM whoch will reduce RMR which will decrease the rate of fat and weight loss.

Also, increasing muscle mass will help prevent falls, increase bone density, and help with ADLs

Front 18

Fick Equation

Back 18

VO2max=HRmax X SVmax X A-VO2diffmax

Front 19

Why does max HR decrease with age, regardless of fitness level?

Back 19

-decreased SNS activity
-changes in cardiac conduction, specifically in the SA node and bundle of His.
-sensitivity to chatecholamine stimulation is decreased

Front 20

Why does SV decrease as we age?

Back 20

-decreased total peripheral resistance and decreased LV contractility
-decrease in EDV and increase in ESV
this is mainly due to the heart losing contractibility (FSM) - as heart loses elasticity, EDV decreases.
-plasma volume decreases as a function of age as well.

Front 21

what is the updated HR max equation?

Back 21

HRmax = [208 - (0.7 x age)]

Front 22

why is the new HR max equation better?

Back 22

The old HRmax equation overestimated young children and underestimated older adults (+/- 20 bpm)
The new equation is not influenced by sex or activity level

Front 23

how can aerobic activity help older adults?

Back 23

with moderate aerobic P.A. they can increase their VO2 max by 10-15%.

if this training is performed greater than or equal to 3 days per week for 30-45 mins at 50% of max intensity, improvements of up to 30% increase in VO2 max can be seen

Front 24

How do older adults resond to submax exercise?

Back 24

-increase heart elasticity, heart mass, hemoglobin, blood volume,muscle oxidative enzymes, oxygen extraction, capillary density, and increased EDV and SV

-decreased ESV

Front 25

during submax exercise, how do older adults' VO2, HR,BP, SV, and Q compare to younger adults?

Back 25

sv and q are lower,

hr and bp are higher (tpr)

vo2 max is lower

Front 26

what is sarcopenia?

Back 26

a decrease in muscle mass

Front 27

do hormonal changes have an effect on muscle mass?

Back 27

YES! after age 60, testosterone and GH appear to decline dramatically

Front 28

special considerations for older pop. when exercising in the cold

Back 28

-decreased ability to regulate body temp
-increased core temp
-decreases sweat gland output
-decreased skin blood flow
-less effective blood redistribution to active muscle

Front 29

can training improve the response to heat?

Back 29

yes

Front 30

special considerations for older pop. when exercising in the cold.

Back 30

keep them warm, because they have a reduced ability to generate metabolic heat

vasoconstriction is a concern