Physiology-Mouth & Esophagus

Front 1

Process by which ingested food is transported through digestive system by rhythmic contractions

Back 1

Motility

Front 2

Process by which substances released into gastrointestinal lumen aid motility and digestion by providing lubrication and enzymes

Back 2

Secretion

Front 3

Process by which substances released into gastrointestinal lumen break down protein, fat and carbohydrate components of ingested food

Back 3

Digestion

Front 4

Process by which protein, fat and carbohydrate byproducts are taken up into bloodstream

Back 4

Absorption

Front 5

intrinsic need for food

Back 5

hunger

Front 6

favored foods for one individual

Back 6

Appetite

Front 7

Chewing can be caused by stimulation of specific brain areas as well as by _________-

Back 7

chewing reflex

Front 8

CHEWING is innervated by efferents of the _________

Back 8

trigeminal nerve

Front 9

chewing reflexively increases ______, ________, _______, & ________secretions

Back 9

salivary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary

Front 10

_________ are primarily located just outside the GI tract and secrete into ducts which then empty into GI tract.

Back 10

Salivary glands

Front 11

Primary salivation glands are _______, ________, & ________

Back 11

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

Front 12

Saliva composed of a serous secretion containing the alpha-amylase _____ for digesting starches and a mucous secretion containing ________ for lubrication and protection

Back 12

ptyalin
mucin

Front 13

Parotid glands release ______ secretions

Back 13

serous

Front 14

Submandibular and sublingual glands release __________ secretions

Back 14

both serous and mucous

Front 15

Buccal glands (located on inside of cheeks) secrete _______

Back 15

mucus

Front 16

Saliva pH _____, which helps ptyalin's digestive action

Back 16

~6.0-7.0

Front 17

**Saliva release occurs mainly under nervous control from parasympathetic nervous system.
SUPIERIOR and INFERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI in the brainstem are origin of nervous impulses, conducted through _____ and ______ nerves

Back 17

facial
glossopharyngeal

Front 18

**Swallowing can be divided into ______, _______ and ______ phases

Back 18

voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal

Front 19

chewed food is compressed and pushed upward and backward against the palate

Back 19

voluntary phase

Front 20

trachea closes, the esophagus opens, and a fast peristaltic wave sweeps food into the upper esophagus

Back 20

involuntary pharyngeal phase

Front 21

propulsive movements called peristalsis occur in which a concentric ring of muscle contracts at one point in the tract, then the ring of contraction moves downward, pushing the food bolus ahead of the contraction.

Back 21

Esophageal stage

Front 22

Relaxation ahead of _____ is key to the rapid transit of food down the esophagus.

Back 22

contraction

Front 23

**Esophageal peristalsis occurs in two phases: ______ and ______.

Back 23

primary
secondary

Front 24

continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis and moves from pharynx to stomach in 8-10 s

Back 24

Primary esophageal peristalsis

Front 25

waves that occur if primary peristalsis fails to move all food present in the esophagus into the stomach.

Back 25

secondary esophageal peristalsis

Front 26

Smooth muscle consists of 5 layers

Back 26

Serosa
Longitudinal
Circular
Submucosa
Mucosa (Muscularis mucosae)

Front 27

Smooth muscle functions as ________ ;connected though electrical gap junctions

Back 27

syncytium

Front 28

______ mean that impulses can travel rapidly between muscle fibers

Back 28

Gap junctions

Front 29

Innervation by _______ provides mainly excitatory drive, while _______& ______ are mostly inhibitory

Back 29

acetylcholine
norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 30

Esophageal musculature (upper third) is striated muscle under the control of ________ and _____ nerves

Back 30

glossopharyngeal
vagus

Front 31

Lower two-thirds of esophageal muscle are smooth muscle also under _____ control

Back 31

vagal

Front 32

As the peristaltic wave reaches the stomach, relaxation occurs through inhibitory neurons of the __________.

Back 32

myenteric plexus

Front 33

The lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophageal sphincter) consists of 3 cm of smooth muscle beginning at the stomach/esophagus juncture. This sphincter is normally always (tonically) constricted and relaxes only ahead of a food bolus traveling down the esophagus.
Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax completely results in the condition known as ______.

Back 33

achalasia

Front 34

Failure of the LES to remain tonically constricted except during swallowing can result in ________

Back 34

acid reflux

Front 35

_________ is an extreme condition characterized by chronic acid reflux, in comparison to the normal minor reflux.

Back 35

Gastroesophageal disease (GERD)

Front 36

Complications of GERD can include _____ and _________

Back 36

ulcers
Barrett’s esophagus (cancer of the esophagus).