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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the reproductive system consist of?
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gonads
reproductive tract accessory sex glands |
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What are the essesntial functions of the female reproductive system?
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Production of Ova
Reception of sperm Transport of sperm and ovum to a common site for union Parturition Lactation |
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What is perturition?
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Giving Birth
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What are the essential functions of the male reproductive system?
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Production of sperm
Delivery of sperm to the female |
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What part of the male reproductive system produces sperm and is located outside of the abdominal cavity?
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Testes
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What is the reproductive function of the vagina?
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It connects the uterus to the external environment
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How many chromosomes are there in human somatic cells?
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46
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How many chromosomes are there in reproductive cells?
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23
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What does cell division require?
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Division of the nucleus and cytoplasm
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Describe Mitosis
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-maintains the chromosomal #
-maintains the chromosome combo -maintains the genetic identity of the chromosomes from the dividing parent cell to the two daughter cells -produces somatic cells |
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Describe Meiosis
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One chromosome from each pair is inherited in each of four daughter cells reduced from a parent cell. It produces gametes
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What are the phases of meiosis?
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Interphase
Meisosis 1 Meiosis 2 |
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How does gametogenesis occur?
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Meiosis
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What are autosomes?
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the 22 chromosome pairs that carry genes for everything but gender
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What determines the genetic sex of the individual?
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The combination of sex chromosomes
XX = female XY = male |
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What determines the gonadal sex?
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The genetic sex
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What determines sexual differentiation?
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The presence or absence of masculinizing determinants in utero.
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What is the function of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY)?
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It stimulates production of the H-Y antigen which directs differentiation of gonads into testes
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What factors are secreted by the testes?
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Testosterone
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor |
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Which factor promotes development of male external genitalia?
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Testosterone -> Dihydrotestosterone
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What occurs in the presence of Mullerian inhibiting factor?
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Degeneration of Mullerian ducts leads to male penotypic sex
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What occurs in the absence of testosterone?
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The Wolfian ducts degenerate and undifferentiated external genitalia develop along female lines
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What is required for undifferentiated gonadal tissue to develop into male sex organs?
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Active signaling by masculinizing signals
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Which reproductive physiology is more complex?
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female
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What are produced by the ovaries?
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The ova, estrogen, and progesterone
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What are the functions of estrogen?
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1) maturation and maintenance of the female system
2)establishment of female secondary sexual characteristics 3) Maturation and release of teh ova 4) Transport of sperm from vagina to oviduct for fertilization |
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What is the function of progesterone?
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It prepares a suitable environment for nourishing embryo/fetus
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What are oogenia?
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undifferentiated primordial sex cells
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How do oogenia divide?
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Mitotically
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What is produced by the first meiotic division?
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diploid primary oocyte
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What makes a primary follicle?
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Oogonium surrounded by granulosa cells
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When does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
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just before ovulation
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When does ovulation occur
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About 14 days into the cycle
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What forms from the first meiotic division of the primary oocyte?
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The secondary oocyte and the first polar body
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What is ovulated?
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The secondary oocyte
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What triggers a second meiotic division?
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fertilization by sperm
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What is produced from a second meiotic division of the oocyte?
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mature haploid ovum and a secondary haploid polar body
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In females when does mitotic division of the oogonium occur?
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Before birth
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When does mitosis stop in female gametogenesis?
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By the fifth month of gestation
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What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?
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the follicular and the luteal phase
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When does the folicular phase occur?
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During the first half of the 28 day cylce
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What occurs during the folicular phase?
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granulosa cells of primary oocyte enlarges, oocyte inside each follicle enlarges, thecal and granulosa cells secrete estrogen
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Where does the oocyte go when it is ovulated?
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The oviduct
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what is the zona pellucida?
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A gel-like substance secreted by the granulosa which surrounds the oocyte and seperates it from the granulosa
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What happens to follicular cells after ovulation?
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They degenerate
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When does the luteal phase dominate?
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The last 14 days of the cylce
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What is the corpus luteum?
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Converted follicular cells left behind in the ovary after the ovum is ovulated
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What does the corpus luteum secrete?
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estrogen increased amounts of progesterone
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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It begins to degenerate after 14 days
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How is the ovarian cycle regulate?
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hormonally
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What triggers the endocrine unis of the ovarian cycle (i.e. the follicle and the corpus luteum)?
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Cyclical hormonal changes among the hypothalmus, anterior pituitary, and the ovarian endocrine units themsekves.
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What controls gonadal function in females
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Anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones
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What are the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones?
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)and leutinizing hormone (LH)
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What controls FSH and LH?
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GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone and feedback from gonadal hormones
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What happens to FSH during the follicular phase?
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it rises
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what does a rise in FSH signal?
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It signals the follicle to secrete more estrogen
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When does LH peak?
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Mid cylce
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What does LH trigger?
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Ovulation and conversion of mature follicle to corpus luteum
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What does the corpus luteum secrete?
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Progesterone and estrogen
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What is the effect of progesterone on LH and FSH?
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It inhibits their release
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What hapens to the corpus luteum when LH is low?
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It degenerates
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How does degeneration of the corpus luteum effect progesterone levels?
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Progesterone levels start to decline which signals the beginning of a new cycle.
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What induces antrum formation
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FSH
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What stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells
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FSH and estrogen
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What hormone do granulosa cells produce
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Estrogen
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What is required for estrogen production?
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LH and FSH
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What inhibits the release of FSH from the hypothalmus and the anterior pituitary?
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Estrogen
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What happens when FSH declines
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growth of all but the most mature follicles stops
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What results from the surge in LH?
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estrogen production halts, prostaglandins increase, ovulation is induced, and follicles form the corpus luteum
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What maintains the corpus luteum?
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LH
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What prevents a secondary surge in LH?
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estrogen and progesterone
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What happens to the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone as the corpus luteum degenerates?
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Concentrations decline
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How does estrogen effect the endrometrium?
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It causes it to thicken
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What cells convert androgen to estrogen?
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granulosa cells stimulated by FSH
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What cells convert cholesterol to androges?
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thecal cells stimulated by LH
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What hormone causes thick mucous to form plugging the cervix?
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progesterone
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What hormone produces lots of thin clear mucous from the cervix?
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estrogen
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What does GnRH stimulate
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hormonal release from the anterior pituitary
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When does GnRH increase?
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At the onset of puberty
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What midlife hypothalmic change is unique to females?
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menopause
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Where is spermatogenesis carried out?
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seminiferous tubules
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What cells secrete testosterome?
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Leydig cells
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What are the effects of testosterone?
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1)promotion of secondary sexual characteristics in males
2) masculinization of reproductive tract and external genetalia 3)growth and maturation of reproductive system during puberty 4) spermatogenesis and maintenance of male reproductive tract 5) development and maintenance of male libido 6) signals protein anabolism, bone growth and puberty, and closure of epiphyseal plates |
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What is the spermatogonium?
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Undifferentiated diploid cells
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What is the spermatozoon?
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Differentiated haploid cells
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What are the stages of spermatogenesis?
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1)mitotic proliferation
2)meiosis 3) packaging |
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What happens to the daughter cells after the initial mitotic division?
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One remains to maintain germ cell line and one moves towards the lumen to produce spermatozoa
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How many spermatozoa can potentially be formed by one spermatocyte?
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16
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What are the 4 elements of spermatids?
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head, tail, acrosome, and midpiece
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Where do sperm get their energy?
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Mitochondria and the midpiece
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What is the function of the acrosome?
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It carries enzymes needed for the sperm to penetrate and fertilize the ovum
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What is contained in the head of the sperm?
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Nuclear material (DNA)
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Where are sertoli cells located?
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In the walls of the seminiferous tubules
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What are the finctions f sertoli cells?
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1) Selective transport into the lumen of the tubules
2) Nourishment of sperm cells 3) Phagocytisis of cytoplasm extruded during the modeling stage of sperm development 4) secretion of seminigerous tubule fluid into the lumen 5) Secrete androgen binding protein 6) Site of action for spermatogenesis by testosterone and FSH 7) Secrete inhibin |
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What forms the blood-tetes barrier?
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Tight junctions between sertoli cells
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What is teh function of the BTB?
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products sperm from antibodies, etc.
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What happens when seminiferous tubule fluid is secreted into tubule lumens?
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Released sperm is flushed into the epididymis
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What is essential for sperm production?
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A high level of testoserone in the lumen
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How does inhibin effect production of FSH?
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It feedsback to the anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH
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What causes testosterone to be released from the Leydig cell?
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LH
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What regulates testosterone production?
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Testosterone negatively feedsback to the hypothalmus and anterior pituitary
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What causes a higher concentration of testosterone in the testes than in the blood?
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androgen binding protein
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What is essential for mitosis and meiosis of male germ cell lines
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testosterone
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What is FSH important for in males?
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it is improtant for spermatid remodeling
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What is the function of estrogen in males?
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spermatogenesis and normal sexuality
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Where is estrogen produced in males?
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The adrenal cortex produces a small amount and aromatase converts small amounts of testosterone to estrogen
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What is the function of tubules in the male reproductive tract?
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transport sperm from the testis to outside the body
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What is the function of accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
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they secrete fluid into the tract for sperm viability and motility
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What is the function of the penis?
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penetration and deposition of sperm in the female
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What is the epididymis?
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-attatched to the rear of the testes
-exit route to the duct deferens -where sperm cells gain ability to move and fertilize -concentrates sperm as they mature |
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What is the ductus deferens?
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-passes from scortal sac through the inguinal canal into the abdomen
-storage site for concentrated sperm -unite behind the bladder forming a v -form an ejaculatory duct after the bladder -ejaculatory duct joins the urethra in the prostate gland under the bladder |
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What are semen?
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sex gland secretions, sperm, and mucous
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What do the sex gland secretions do?
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they constitute the bulk of semen, provide support for viability of sperm in reproductive tract, facilitate fertilization
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What are the functions of the seminal vesicles?
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-supply fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm
-secrete prostaglandins which stimulate smooth muscle contraction, helping move sperm -provide bulk of semen -provide precursors for clotting of semen |
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Where is the prostate gland located?
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it complete surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder
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What are the functions of the prostate gland?
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-secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
-provides clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin |
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How is semen clotted?
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clotting enzyme works on fibrinogen to form fibrin, which clots the semen, keeping it in the vagina when the penis is removed
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How is the seminal clot broken down?
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fibrinolysin
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Where are the bulbourethral glands and what is their function?
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-they empty into the urethra just before it enters the penis
-secrete mucous lubrications for intercourse |
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What are prostaglandins?
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locally acting chemical mesengers first discovered in semen, fatty acid derivitives produced in most tissues
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What are the effects of prostaglandins?
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-promoting sperm transport
-promote bronchodialation -increasing renal blood flow -inhibit HCl secretion in the stomach -enhance cortisol secretion -promote ovulation |
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What is fertilization?
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the union of male and female gametes
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Where does fertilization occur?
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In the ampulla - the upper third of the oviduct
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How many hours after ovulation can fertilization occur?
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24 hours
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How long is sperm iable in the female reproductive tract?
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5 days
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How does sperm travel to the ampulla?
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Throught the cervical canal and the uterus, it is helped by smooth muscle contractions of the uterus and antiperistaltic contractions of the oviduct
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What is allurin?
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It is released by the ovum to attract the sperm to the egg.
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What is the function of acrosomal enzymes?
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The break down barriers surrounding the ovum
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What is ectopic pregnancy?
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Pregnancy in the abdomen instead of the uterus
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What must the sperm pass through to fertilize the ovum?
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The corona radiata and the zona pellucida
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What is the receptor to which sperm must bind in order to pass through the zona pellucida?
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inhibin
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What prevents more then one sperm from fusing with the ovum?
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Chemical messengers released once the first sperm reaches the ovum
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