Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the Basic Functions of the GI System?
|
-Motility
-Secretion -Digestion -Absorption |
|
|
Where in the GI Tract is Food built back up again? Why?
|
-Colon
-Gotta put it back together to get rid of shit |
|
|
Where does most of the Absorption occur in the GI Tract?
|
Small Intestine
|
|
|
What are the 3 Components to Regulation of GI Function?
|
-Intrinsic Smooth Muscle Function
-Neural Regulation -GI Hormones |
|
|
Which Component of the GI Function controls Glands?
|
-Intrinsic Smooth Muscle Function
|
|
|
What is the Extrinsic Control of the GI Tract?
|
CNS
|
|
|
What is the Intrinsic Control of the GI Tract? Where is located?
|
-Enteric Nervous System
-Where do you think? In the gut fool! |
|
|
What is the Most Important System for Regulation of the GI Tract?
|
ENS
|
|
|
How do other systems interact with the ENS?
|
-They Modify its activity
|
|
|
What does the ENS do? What does mean for the rest of the Nervous System and its Interactions with the ENS?
|
-Pretty much everything in the gut
-Can control 95% of the gut by itself -The ENS doesn't need the CNS or Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
How do Sympathetic Fibers in the Gut act?
|
Like School-Children.
|
|
|
How do Sympathetic Fibers in the Gut act?
|
-Through Pre-vertebral Ganglia
-Information from the Brain is sent to the Ganglia -Ganglia Send info to the Gut |
|
|
How do the Prevertebral Ganglia modulate Activity in the Gut? What System are they part of?
|
-Sympathetic
-Modulate Activity by: 1) Directly Effect GI Components, or 2)Act through the ENS |
|
|
Describe the Preganglionics and Postganglionics of the Sympathetic Nervous System pertaining to the gut.
|
-Long Postganglionics
-Short Preganglionics |
|
|
How do Parasympathetic Fibers in the Gut act? What system do they act through? How is this different from Sympathetics?
|
-Go Directly to their Targets
-Enteric Nervous System only -Sympathetics act through Ganglia. They can then act through the ENS or go to their ultimate target. |
|
|
List the layers of the Gut from the Lumen to Abdominal Cavity.
|
-Mucosa
-Submucosal Plexus -Circular Smooth Muscle -Myenteric Plexus -Longitudinal Smooth Muscle |
|
|
Which Nerve Plexus of the Gut is closer to the Abdominal Cavity? Which one is closer to the Lumen?
|
-Myenteric
-Submucosal |
|
|
What kinds of things do the Nerve Plexi Modulate?
|
-Motility
-Secretions -Blood Flow -Immune System |
|
|
What is the Myenteric Plexus between?
|
2 Layers of Smooth Muscle:
-Circular -Longitudinal - Closer to Abdomen |
|
|
What is the Primary function of the Myenteric Nerve Plexus?
|
Providing Motor Innervation to the 2 Muscle Layers
|
|
|
In which portions of the GI Tract do we find the Myenteric Plexus?
|
The entire length
|
|
|
Which Nerve Plexus is mostly involved in Secretion?
|
Submucosal
|
|
|
Which Nerve Plexus is mostly involved in Motor Innervation of the Muscle Layers?
|
Myenteric
|
|
|
What is the primary function of the Submucosal Plexus?
|
Secretion
|
|
|
Where is the Submucosal Plexus best Developed?
|
-Think about what it does (secretion) and where we need this (Small Intestine)
-Small Intestine |
|
|
Where do most of the Efferent Fibers from the Submucosal Plexus go?
|
Endocrine and Secretory Cells
|
|
|
What are the 2 pathways a Sensory Neuron can take to have an effect on the ENS?
|
-Can Send Information to the Brain which carries out the action through Motor Neurons and Interneurons (to Motor Neurons)
-Can Send Information Directly to Interneurons which will relay to Motor Neurons |
|
|
Name some NTs that are Inhibitory.
|
-NANC - Non-Adrenergic Non-Cholinergic
-VIP - Motility -ATP -Enkephalin (Opiates) |
|
|
Name some NTs that are Excitatory.
|
-Tachykinins - Substance P
-Serotonin -VIP - Secretion |
|
|
Is VIP an Inhibitory or Excitatory NT
|
Both
-Excitatory for Secretion -Inhibitory for Motility |
|
|
What is the Dominant NANC NT?
|
Nitric Oxide (NO)
|
|
|
What is Nitric Oxide Important for in the GI Tract?
|
Sphincter Relaxation
|
|
|
Which NT is important in Sphincter Relaxation?
|
Nitric Oxide
|
|
|
Where is ACh used in the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems? What other NT is often used?
|
-Parasympathetic - Everywhere
-Sympathetic - Preganglionics -NE is often used in the Sympathetic NS |
|
|
What is the Most Important Nerve in GI Physiology?
|
Vagus Nerve
|
|
|
Which 2 Nerves are responsible for the most of Parasympathetic Innervation of the GI Tract?
|
-Vagus Nerve - 90%
-Pelvic Nerve - Supplies Colon and Rectum |
|
|
What is the Dominant Control of the GI Tract? In other words, what makes the GI Tract do shit.
|
Parasympathetics
|
|
|
Where does the Esophagus get Inhibitory Responses? What Results?
|
-Vagus Nerve
-Relaxes and lets food through |
|
|
Where does the Rectum get Inhibitory Responses?
|
Pelvic Nerve
|
|
|
What is a Vaso-Vagal Reflex?
|
Information is Relayed by the Vagal Nerve for processing and Back down the Vagus Nerve for an effect
|
|
|
If a Diabetic loses Vagal Nerve Control, how come they can still move their Bowels?
|
-Parasympathetic and Sympathetic can only Modify
-ENS Controls the GI Tract - Doesn't need the Vagus |
|
|
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System's Dominant Control?
|
Inhibitory
|
|
|
What type of Shit will the Parasympathetic System cause to happen?
|
-Stimulate Motility
-Secretory Activity |
|
|
What effects does stimulation of Beta-Adrenergic Fibers lead to?
|
Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Contraction
|
|
|
What effects does stimulation of Alpha-Adrenergic Fibers lead to?
|
Closes Sphincters
|
|
|
What type of Fibers Close Sphincters? Which part of the Nervous System is this caused by?
|
-Alpha-Adrenergic Fibers
-Sympathetic |
|
|
What type of Fibers Inhibit Smooth Muscle Contraction? Which part of the Nervous System is this caused by?
|
-Beta-Adrenergic
-Sympathetic |
|
|
What effect does Sympathetic Stimulation usually have on Secretion?
|
Inhibition
|
|
|
What are some of the Ganglia upon which Preganglionic Sympathetics Synapse on before going to their Effectors?
|
-Celiac
-Superior Mesenteric -Inferior Mesenteric |
|
|
How do Most Enteric Neurons get Parasympathetic Input?
|
From Interneurons
|
|
|
What is a Short Loop Reflex?
|
Reflex and Action are in the Walls of the GI Tract
|
|
|
What are some examples of Short Loop Reflexes?
|
-Peristalsis
-Intestino-Intestinal Reflexes -Secretory Reflexes |
|
|
What is a Long Loop Reflex? Explain. Give an example.
|
-Sensory Neurons act on CNS
-CNS then sends Efferents to ENS -Part of the Activity is outside the ENS -Ex. - Defacation |
|
|
At what Level is it decided if a reflex will be Short or Long?
|
-At the Receptors
-They can send info to: 1) CNS or 2) Local Enteric Nerve Plexus |
|
|
What type of Reflex is Peristalsis?
|
Short
|
|
|
What type of Reflex is Stomach Rumbling after seeing Sam Abebe's Face stuffed with food?
|
Long
|
|
|
What type of Reflex is taking a dump after eating all of Sam Abebe's food?
|
Long
|
|
|
Where do most of the Hormones that control GI Physiology come from?
|
Epithelial Cells in the Stomach and SI
|
|
|
What are APUD Cells?
|
-Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation Cells
-Endocrine Cells in the GI Tract |
|
|
Name the known GI Hormones.
|
-Gastrin
-Secretin -CCK -Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - GIP -Motilin |
|
|
What does it mean if a set of NTs is in the same "Family"?
|
-Bind to the same receptor
-Use the same 2nd Messenger |
|
|
What type of Cells Secrete Gastrin? Where are they?
|
-G Cells
-Stomach (Mostly) and Duodenum |
|
|
What does Gastrin do?
|
-Regulates Gastric Acid Release
-Stimulates HCl Production |
|
|
What type of Gastrin is released during fasting?
|
Gastrin-34
|
|
|
What type of Gastrin is released during a meal?
|
Gastrin-17
|
|
|
Which Family is CCK in?
|
Gastrin
|
|
|
What do the I Cells do? Where are they Found?
|
-Secrete CCK
-Duodenum |
|
|
What kinds of Receptors bind predominately CCK? Where are they found in abundance?
|
-CCK1-R
-Pancreatic Acinary Cells |
|
|
What kinds of Receptors bind predominately Gastrin? Where are they found in abundance?
|
-CCK2-R
-Brain and Stomach |
|
|
What is the Major Hormone in the Gut?
|
Secretin
|
|
|
What type of Cells release Secretin? Where are they?
|
-S Cells
-Intestinal Mucosa |
|
|
What is Secretin released in Response to?
|
Acidic Chyme
|
|
|
What is Secretin's effect? Why would it want to do this?
|
-Release of Bicarbonate by the Pancreas and Bile Ducts
-Inhibition of Gastrin -Neutralize the Acidic Chyme |
|
|
Which Hormones are in the Secretin Family?
|
-Secretin
-VIP -GIP |
|
|
Where is VIP usually found?
|
ENS Neurons
|
|
|
What types of Effects (General and Specific) Does VIP have?
|
-Excitatory and Inhibitory
-Vasodilation -Increased Exocrine Secretion -Relaxes GI Smooth Muscle |
|
|
What types of Cells release GIP? Where are they found?
|
-K Cells
-Duodenum and Jejunum |
|
|
What does GIP do?
|
Effects are similar to Secretin and Glucagon
-Targets the Pancreas -Causes the Release of Insulin -Inhibits Effects of Gastrin |
|
|
What do Incretins do?
|
Modulate Endocrine Secretion in the Gut
|
|
|
What Class of Hormones does GIP fall under?
|
Secretins and Incretins
|
|
|
What type of Cells Secrete GLP-1? Where are they found?
|
-L Cells
-SI |
|
|
What is GLP-1 Secreted in Response to? What does it do?
|
-Glucose, AAs, Fatty Acids
-Enhances the Release of Insulin in Response to Infusion of Glucose |
|
|
What is Motilin? What does it do?
|
-Unrelated to other groups
-Released during fasting -Released from Mucosal Cells in Duodenum and Jejunum -Stimulates MMC - Migrating Myoelectric Complex |
|
|
What is Somatostain? What does it do?
|
-From D Cells in Gastric Mucosa
-Inhibits Gastrointestinal Endocrine Secretion -Inhibits Exocrine Secretion and Blood Flow |
|
|
What is Histamine? What does it do?
|
-Produced in ECLs - Enterochromaffin-like Cells
-Stimulates Acid Secretion by Parietal Cells |
