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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Purpose of Plasma Membrane
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Boundary between inside/outside of cell.
Act as sensory and communication structure Regulates movement in/out of cell |
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Purpose of Nucleus
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Houses the DNA - never leaves the nucleus, only a temporary copy in mRNA is created
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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the double layer surrounding the nucleus
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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act in protein synthesis
covered in Ribosomes |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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act in fat and carbohydrate metabolism - lipid synthesizers.
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What is the job of the Ribosomes?
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act in rNA transcription and protein synthesis
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Where are the Ribosomes located?
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On the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER
In the cytoplasm: Free Ribosomes |
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What is the job of the Golgi Complex?
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acts in the final modification of proteins. generally in the addition of carbohydrate chains.
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What is the job of Mitochondria
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acts in Cellular metabolism - production of ATP via aerobic respiration.
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What is the breakdown of Glucose in preparation for the production of ATP?
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Glycolosis
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What are the first steps in the production of ATP?
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Pyruvate --> Acetyl COA --> Krebs Cycle
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What steps in the production of ATP involve Aerobic Respiration?
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Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Electron Transport Chain
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Which steps create the most ATP?
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Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Electron Transport Chain (32+ ATP)
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What type of reactions occur in the Lysosome?
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Hydrolytic Reactions - uses water to digest waste
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What type of reaction occurs in the Peroxisome?
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Oxidative reactions - uses Oxygen to digest waste.
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What are Reactive Oxygen Species?
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Free radicals created as a biproduct of Peroxisomes - neutralized by lysosomes.
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What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
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structure of cell
contains: microfilaments and microtubules |
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What are Microtubules?
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create an intracellular network of proteins and allow for intracellular movement - cellular super highway.
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Cells with more Mitochondria have a greater capacity for what?
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-ATP production
-Energy consumption |
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Which structure helps to maintain intracellular homeostasis?
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Plasma Membrane
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What percentage of body weight is Intracellular Fluid?
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40%
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Sodium concentration is greater in the ______________
fluid. |
Extracellular
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Potassium concentration is greater in the ______________
fluid. |
Intracellular
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Amphipathic
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Same structure has two conflicting characteristics:
Phospholipid bilayer (1/2 hydrophobic, 1/2 hydrophilic) |
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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lipid bilayer of cellular membrane w/ hydrophilic heads, transport channels, etc...
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What are the 4 main molecular components of the Plasma Membrane?
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Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic membrane
Structural Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates |
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Describe the charge of the Hydrophobic tails:
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non-polar
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Describe the charge of the Hydrophilic heads:
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polar
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Proteins are composed of ___________________.
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amino acids
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The majority of structural lipids are:
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Phospholipids
(also includes cholesterol) |
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The 3 main functions of Membrane Proteins:
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1. Surface receptors (hormones)
2. Create passage for polar and ionic molecules 3. Intracellular Signaling (gene expression) |
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What 2 things can cause the denaturing of a protein?
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Temperature and pH out of the normal range (very narrow rance)
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What is the primary structure of proteins?
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amino acid chains
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What is the secondary structure of proteins?
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A.A. chains in Hydrogen bonds
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What is the tertiary structure of proteins?
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Polypeptide bonds (small units)
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What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
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4 identical subunits of Polypeptide bonds together forming one unit
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What do Carbohydrates do on the plasma membrane?
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they directly attach to proteins (chains)
used for intercellular communication and immune response |
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What 2 properties determine if a particle can cross the plasma membrane?
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1. Lipid soluability
2. Size |
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What are aqua-porins and how are they used?
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They are channels used for the transportation of water.
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When does water move across the membranes?
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When there is a change in the osmotic gradient of the intracellular/intersticial fluid.
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Passive Forces:
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"natural movement" "downhill"
1. Simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis goal: equal concentration on both sides |
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Simple Diffusion
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the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
*Fick's Law of Diffusion |
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What factors are involved in Fick's Law of Diffusion?
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Rate of Diffusion is determined by:
1. Steepness of concentration gradient 2. Permeability to membrane to substance 3. Surface area of membrane available for diffusion 4. Molecular weigh of a substance 5. Diffusion distance or thickness of membrane |
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What is Tonicity?
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the effect that a solution has on the volume of a cell
(either causes fluid to move in or out of the cell) |
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Isotonic:
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Iso = same concentration in intersticial and intracellular fluid. This creates no pressure and therefor, no movement.
*Water concentration of the solute is equal to the water concentration in the cell. |
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Hypotonic:
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Intersticial fluid has a lower concentration than the intracellular fluid.
*water moves in = cell swelling |
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Hypertonic:
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Intersticial fluid has a higher concentration than the intracellular fluid.
*water moves out = cell shrinking |
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What is Facilitated Diffusion?
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The act of using a carrier protein to assist a particle in diffusion across a membrane.
*Passive Carrier - Mediated Transport - substance must bind to the protein. |
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Does Facilitated Diffusion use energy?
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No - still using passive High to Low concentration.
Only "helped along" by the carrier protein |
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What are the differences between Simple and Facilitated diffusion?
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*Boundaries of Transport:
1. Specificity - particles have specific carrier proteins and binding sites 2. Saturation - can transport a high amount of particles in the sites 3. Competition |
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What is Osmosis?
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Movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
(basically to even out the ratio of solute to water) *more solutes: less water concentration |
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What is Osmotic Pressure?
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The pressure needed to oppose the osmotic force:
***The solutes that cannot cross the membrane are what is creating the osmotic force. They are pulling forces. |
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What is Active Transport and the types?
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Uses energy to move UP a concentration gradient
"Up-Hill" 1. Primary Active Transport (ATPase pumps) 2. Secondary Active Transport |
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What is the energy of Choice for Primary Active Transport?
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ATP
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Na/K ATPase Pump
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Designed to pump 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell.
*This is agains each Ion's concentration gradient. |
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What is Vesicular Transport?
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Movement of substances across the membrane using transport vesicles.
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What is Exocytosis?
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Transport out of cell:
plasma membrane creates a "bubble" that will empty the particles into the intersticial fluid. |
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What is regulated Secretion of exocytosis?
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Vesicles have to be triggered by Ca++ to excrete the particles.
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What is Endocytosis?
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Transport into the cell:
A "bubble" is formed to engulf a particle in the intersticial fluid and bring it into the cell. |
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What type of energy does Secondary Active Transport use?
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uses the energy that is "freed" when we allow a substance to move down it's concentration gradient.
*one particle moves down, releasing energy which is then sucked up by the other particle going up it's gradient. NO ATP |
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What is a Co-transporter?
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The symporters that create the energy for the "exchanger" as it moves in or out of the cell and brings the "exchanger" with it.
*often NA+ |
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What is Homeostasis?
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The maintenance of balance of the cells/body
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What are the 4 types of primary Tissue?
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1. Muscle Tissue
2. Nervous Tissue 3. Epithelial 4. Gland Tissue |
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Types of Muscle Tissue:
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1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac 3. Smooth *Muscle is highly specialized and able to create large amounts of energy |
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What is Nervous Tissue?
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Specialized for excitability. Able to create neurotransmitter proteins
*Able to create and transport electrical impulses throughout the body. |
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What is Epithelial Tissue?
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Specialized for selective transport across it's membrane.
*found in sheets of single or multilayered cells w/ tight junctures. *acts as barrier tissue and lines all lumen in our bodies. |
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What is Glad Tissue?
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-highly specialized Epithelial tissue used for excretion:
**Exocrine and Endocrine** |
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Exocrine Glands:
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Produce substances onto the surface of organ:
sebaceous sweat |
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Endocrine Glands:
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Produce hormones that are directly secreted into the blood stream
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Homeostasis goal is to _____________________ fluid:
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-Maintain:
*maintain healthy range of water, waste, salt, nutrients, temperature and volume ICF - Intracellular Fluid INF - Intersticial Fluid ECF - Extracellular Fluid |
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What must all Homeostatic control Systems include?
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1. Sensor (information)
2. Integrator or control (analysis) 3. An effector (response) |
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What is a Negative Feedback Loop?
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- controls most homeostatic systems.
* auto-regulation to compensate for and regulate changes. |
