Physiology Lecture

Front 1

What is Physiology

Back 1

The study of the functions of living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved

Front 2

How is function understood

Back 2

By identifying underlying mechanisms in a quantitative way

Front 3

There is a strong relationship between structure and what

Back 3

Function

Front 4

Set point

Back 4

Point to the body has set for homeostasis

Front 5

What is homeostasis

Back 5

The dynamic constancy of The internal environment of living systems

Front 6

Name some examples of homeostasis

Back 6

Blood ph blood glucose body temp

Front 7

Describe negative feedback key mechanism

Back 7

When a level of something goes up sensors bring back it down to set point

Front 8

Describe the order that negative feedback goes in

Back 8

Brain stem sets example body temp That is the set point. The sensor measures it integrator compare set point and value effector changes the characteristic to bring back down to set point

Front 9

Give an example of a regulatory mechanism that maintains homeostasis using negative feedback

Back 9

Shivering muscle contractions for generating heat when cold

Front 10

Explain positive feedback

Back 10

Positive feedback changes physiology to a new state

Front 11

What is a good example of positive feedback

Back 11

Egg growth and ovulation

Front 12

Is it positive or negative feedback when you change in a direction causing the body to go bigger and bigger further in that direction

Back 12

Positive

Front 13

How is a nerve impulse an example of positive feedback

Back 13

Because there is a slight opening of channels that allow ions to move through membrane of nerve cell increased charge channels open and they keep self reinforcing movement of ions

Front 14

Explain positive feedback with egg growth and ovulation

Back 14

To hormones cause development estrogen and neuro peptides. Estrogen creates neuro peptides in the brain that creates more estrogen that creates more peptides etc

Front 15

The most tightly controlled homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by

Back 15

Antagonistic processes

Front 16

What are some examples of antagonistic processes

Back 16

Blood glucose concentration. Insulin decreases. glucagon increases blood sugar. Both hormones regulate blood sugar simultaneously

Front 17

What to systems of the body are especially important in maintaining homeostasis via antagonistic Regulators

Back 17

Endocrine and nervous

Front 18

What is integration

Back 18

Nerve transmission hormonal regulation. Stress response challenges in environment fight/flight

Front 19

Explain how the stress response of fight or flight is a form of homeostasis

Back 19

When your heart is contracting and strengthening with speed you are preparing for a fight because you are scared as well as things happened to spark up muscles to fight

Front 20

Explain co-ordination

Back 20

Regulation of blood ph by renal and respiratory systems

Front 21

Name examples of coordination in the body. (Process

Back 21

Your body uses bicarbonate as a buffer.

Rate of breath regulates PH

Front 22

Defined by their insolubility in water; due to reduced polarity

Back 22

lipids

Front 23

wo main types of lipids

Back 23

Triglycerides (energy storage)

Phospholipids (membrane structure)

Front 24

Triglycerides and Phospholipid consist of ___ ____ linked to 3-carbon sugar ______

Back 24

fatty acids, glycerol

Front 25

______________also have phosphate group which increases polarity polar head (phosphate group)—attracted to water non-polar tail (fatty acid)

Back 25

phospholipids

Front 26

embedded ______ causes the phospholipid bilayer to have extra flexibility

Back 26

Cholesterol

Front 27

How are phospholipids held together?

Back 27

electrical interactions

Front 28

molecules can move causing the membrane to be a fluid. why is this important?

Back 28

Because it allows transporters and channels to be squeezed in

Front 29

Defines the boundary of a cell

Back 29

barrier

Front 30

what is one of the functions of the plasma membrane

Back 30

regulates movement of substances between ICF and ECF

Front 31

Inside of the cell there is a ___ level of proteins vs. oustide where there is a ___ level of protiens

Back 31

high, low

Front 32

Inside of the cell there is a ___ amount of K+ as compared to the outside of the cell where there is a __ level

Back 32

high, low

Front 33

Inside the cell there is a __ level of Na+ as compared to the outisde of the cell where there is a ___ level of Na+.

Back 33

low, high

Front 34

Inside of the cell there is a ___ level of Cl- as opposed to the outside of the cell where there is a ____ level of Cl-.

Back 34

low, high

Front 35

The movement of molecules due to random thermal motion

Back 35

diffusion

Front 36

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Back 36

OSMOSIS

Front 37

solute concentration is defined by __________

(total moles of all solutes per lieter of solVENT)

Back 37

osmolarity

Front 38

what is the osmolarity of blood

Back 38

.3 Osm

Front 39

Hyperosmotic Solution

Back 39

high solute concentration ; gains water

Front 40

Hypo-osmotic Solution

Back 40

low solute concentration ;looses water

Front 41

Pressure exerted on a membrane that separates solutions of different osmolarity due to tendency of water to move; can cause a membrane to burst

Back 41

Osmotic Pressure

Front 42

If a membrane is only permeable to water than _________ will always determine the direction of movement of water

Back 42

osmolarity

Front 43

the movement of water across a semipermeable memebrane taking all factors into account including the movenment of soultes

Back 43

Tonicity

Front 44

if 1 molar soltion- same number of _____ per unit ____

Back 44

molecules, volume

Front 45

which molecules can diffuse through the membrane

Back 45

small molecules even though some are polar, some nonpolar fatty acids, some steroid hormones that are nonpolar, and vitamins EAD

Front 46

What molecules cannot diffuse easily?

Back 46

IONS, polar molecules that are large,

Front 47

Channels

Back 47

Where ions go through, they are selective to only one kind of particle can pass through, direction and rate are always determined by concentration gradient.

Front 48

____ ______the part allows movement and ________ regulates transport.

Back 48

Ion channels, gating

Front 49

gating

Back 49

the process of opening and closing channels

Front 50

What are the two types of gated channels

Back 50

Ligand-Gated and Voltage-Gated

Front 51

Molecule or ion (_______) binds temporarily to a specific binding site on the transmembrane protien. and the protein changes shape. What am i describing

Back 51

Ligand, Ligand gated channels

Front 52

-change in ionic environment in ECF or ICF

-affects charged amino acids on protiens

-electrostatic forces change conformation of protein

- important in nerve transmission

Back 52

Voltage gated channels

Front 53

what is CMT? What are they for

Back 53

Carrier Mediated Transport, LARGE molecules.

Temporary binding of a molecule to protien in the membrane that allows passage.

Front 54

what are the 2 types of CMT?

Back 54

Fascillitated Diffusion, and active transport

Front 55

Describe Fascillitated Diffuison

Back 55

transported molecule ________ diffusion gradient , promotes net diffusion, the energy for transport comes from the differemce in conc. gradient

Front 56

transport protein, carrier protien, or transmitter

do they mean the same thing

Back 56

yes

Front 57

What are the characteristics of a Transport Protien

Back 57

Specific for the ligand, has a high affinity for a ligand, can be saturated

Front 58

Describe Active Transport

Back 58

Molecule is transported _______ conc. gradient. Energy is required. (subunits of this type of transport)

Front 59

Primary active transport

Back 59

energy comes from direct hydrolysis of ATP, the transporters are ATP-ases (enzyme that hydrolyzes atp and liberates energy) 2 binding sites ligand, atp. Hydrolysis of atp is caused by binding of ligand to transporter

energy is used to transport against concentration gradient.

Front 60

Name an example of primary active transport

Back 60

Sodium Potassium pump

Front 61

How does the sodium potassium pump work

Back 61

the pump transports against gradient. Na+, K+, ATPase= Transports Na+ and K+ w hydrolyis of ATP. 2 K+ go in and 2 Na+ go out. This maintains homestasis

Front 62

Primary active transport is ____ expensive

Back 62

energetically

1/3 of the total energy of cells

Front 63

explain secondary active transport (coupled transport)

Back 63

The energy for this transport comes from ion gradient previously set up by active transport. There is a binding of an ion (ususally Na+) that increases affinity for different molecule. Then there is a conformational change leading to transport when both bound. energy from diffusion of na down conc. gradient.

Front 64

The ________ system regulates PH by excreting components of the bicarbonate buffer system

Back 64

RENAL

(excreting (H+) (increases blood pH) or

excreting HCO3- (decreases blood PH) or

producing new bicarbonate from CO2 and water.

Front 65

How does the respiratory system regulate PH

Back 65

by the removal of CO2 when we breath

Front 66

nearly ______ bicarbonate is reabsorbed

Back 66

all

Front 67

high PH = ____ H+

Back 67

low

Front 68

Low ph= ___ H+

Back 68

high