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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is intercrine signaling and an example?
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- molecule signals from one part of cell to another
- IP3 |
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what is juxtacrine signaling? example?
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- expressed on cell surface but not released into extracellular environment, can only signal to other cell when someone is close to it
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what kind of signaling is somatostatin an example of? IL-2?
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- both are an example of autocrine signaling
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what hormones come from the hypothalamus?
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- GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, dopamine, vasopressin, oxytocin
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what hormones are released from the pituitary gland?
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- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, MSH, GH
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what hormones are released from the thyroid gland?
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- T3, T4, calcitonin
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what hormones are released from the parathyroid gland?
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- PTH
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what hormones are released from the adrenal gland?
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- cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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what hormones are released from the pancreas gland?
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- insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
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what hormones are released from the ovary/testes gland?
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- ovary: estrogen, progesterone
- testies: testosterone |
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how does dopamine from the hypothalamus regulate the pituitary?
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- it is a neg. regulator to the pituitary
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how does growth hormone work? ie what is hormonal regulation?
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- hypothalamus releases GHRH --> pituitary releases GH --> acts on IGF-1
- IGF-1 acts on long bones to stimulate growth of long bones (this is the indirect effect of GH) |
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what does dopamine do to prolactin? TRH?
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- dopamine is a neg. regulator while TRH is a positive regulator of prolactin
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what do TRH & SST do to TSH?
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- SST neg regulates TSH whereas TRH positively regulates TSH
- TSH activates T3 which feeds back neg on TSH |
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what do ADH & CRH do to ACTH?
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- ADH & CRH activate ACTH which activates cortisol
- cortisol neg. feeds back on ACTH |
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what is gigantism?
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- overproducing GH from GH producing pituitary tumor
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what is acromegaly?
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- GH excess after closure of epihysial plates
- growth of soft tissues, elevated blood glucose |
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what does GH do to fat tissues? direct or indirect?
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- stimulates lipolysis of fat
- one of direct actions of GH as opposed to indirect through IGF-1 |
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what are some examples of polypeptide hormones? steroid? amino acid derivatives? lipids? gases?
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- polypeptides: insulin, glucagon, PTH
- steroids: cortisol, estradiol, cholecalciferol - amino acid: epinephrine, NE, T3 - lipids: prostaglandins, leukotrienes - gases: NO |
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how does a readioimmunoassay work?
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- radiolabeled hormone immunoprecipitated by antibody
- look for amount of nonradioactive hormone that competes for antibody binding - make standard curve, amount of nonradioactive hormone in blood is determined by amount of radioactive hormone antibody is able to precipitate |
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how does ELISA work?
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- antibody to hormone in plastic well, add hormone
- add second antibody to different place on hormone than first Ab, add 3rd Ab with enzyme and add substrate - amount of hormone directly proportional to amount of colored product |
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who has the longest and shortest half-lives: steroids, poypeptides, amino acids? how are they broken down?
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- amino acids epi & NE are seconds where as Thyroid can be days
- polypeptides are half lives on the order of minutes (internalized & fusion with lysosome to degrade receptor) - steroid hormones half lives on the order of hours (broken down via conjugation to hydrophilic molecules) |
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where are most polypeptide hormones stored?
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- in secretory vesicles
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where are steroid hormones stored? what are the key events in their synthesis?
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- they are NOT stored, but made from stored cholesterol
- would be too hydrophobic to be stored - all start with cholesterol --> STAR enzyme translocates cholesterol to inner mitochondrial membrane --> first step in synthesis is pregnenolone (rate limiting step) |
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what is the association constant?
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- [HR] / [H] [R] = K1/K2 = Kass
- whatever value it is means that at this point half the receptor will be bound & half will be free |
