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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Calculation of % solution
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% solution = (g of solute/mL of solvent) X 100%
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Solute
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dissolved, have less of
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Solvent
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does dissolving, have more of
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pH
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a reflection of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the highter the H+ concentration, the lower the pH, the higher the acidity
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Buffers
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Able to maintain pH of a solution in a desired range. Buffers are composed of 2 parts, one that removes H+ when the pH is too low, and one that donaes H+ when the pH is too high(acid). The bicarbonate buffer system maintains the pH of the blood
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Diffusion
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The random spreading out of molecules in a solution. Diffusion continues until the solution is equal in all parts of the solution. The state of equality is known as equilibrium. The rate of diffusion is related to the amount of energy in the system, thus higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion
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Osmosis
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The special case of diffusion that involves water moving down its concentration gradient.
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Tonicity
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The comparison of solution concentrations on 2 sides of a membrane. 300mOsm or 0.9% NaCl is the concentration of the inside of cells and is referred to as the physiological tonicity.
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Isotonic
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When the solution concentrations inside the cell and outside the cell are the same
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Hypertonic
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When the solution concentration is higher than 300mOsm or 0.9% NaCl
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Hypotonic
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when the solution concentration is lower than 300mOsm or 0.9% NaCl
-water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. In other words, water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration |
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Crenation
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Shrinking of a cell that occurs when a cell is placed in a comparatively hypertonic solution. This happens because water moves out of the cell to dilute the excess solute in the hypertonic solution
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Lysis
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Explosion of cells that occurs when a cell is placed in a comparatively hypotonic solution. This happens because water moves into the cell to dilute the excess solute in the cell
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Atherosclerosis
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a condition where an artery wall thickens because of a build up of fatty materials
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Tachycardia
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A rapid rhythm of the heart
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P wave
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Atrial depolarization of an EKG
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Auscultation
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Measures blood pressure
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1st heart sound
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Closure of AV valves
lub sound and systolic pressure |
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2nd heart sound
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closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
dub sound |
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3rd heart sound
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ventricular filling
shaking sound |
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4th heart sound
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last surge of blood pushed into ventricles
rushing sound |
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Sequence of electrical impulses
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SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
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2 Factors that decrease the rate of diffusion
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cold water and concentration gradient
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What increases the rate of diffusion
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greater concentration gradient, higher temperature, greater surface area
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300 mOs
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the concentration of all solutes combined inside a typical cell
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Dialysis
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A method of removing unwanted elements from the blood by selective diffusion through a pourous membrane
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Jendrassik's maneuver
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Pulling your arms apart while having your patellar tendon tapped
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Planter reflex
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toes come in and together
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Babinski reflex
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Toes go up and out
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Color blindness
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A person lacks one of the three cone types
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ATP
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Necissary for muscle contraction and relaxation
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Twitch
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Small stimulation of muscle fiber
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tetanus
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prolonged contraction of skeletal muscles
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Neurotransmitter
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chemicals that relay, amplify and modulate signals between neuron and cells
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter in PNS and CNS
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Conductive deafness
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Loss of vibrational signals along the conversion of airborne sound waves to fluid vibration
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Color wheel
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blue magenta red yellow green cyan
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Neuromuscular junction
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1) action potentials reach axon terminal
2)voltage gated calcium ion channels open 3)calcium ions in cytoplasm activate proteins 4)fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane 5)pore forms in fused vesicle 6)exocytosis releases neurotransmitter |
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Zonular fibers of suspensory ligament
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Secures the lens to the ciliary body
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Aqueous humor
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Fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye; provides nutrients to the lens and cornea
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Scera & Tunic
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Fibrous tunic, white and opaque
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Referred pain
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the phenomenon of pain perceived at a site adjacent to or at a distance from the site of an injurys orgin
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Monosynaptic reflex
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The presence of a single chemical synapse
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Nystagmus
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Involuntary eye movement
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A flashlight makes the pupil do what?
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Retract or get smaller
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Sensorineural deafness
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Caused by abnormal hair cells in the organ of corti in the cochlea. also problems in the cranial nerves
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Conductive deafness
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Caused by infection that spreads to middle ear, or hereditary condition of middle and inner ear
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Sekeltal muscles are surrounded by this connective tissue
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Epimyisum
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Fascicles
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Bunndles of individual muscle cells
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2 Types of myofilaments
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Actin and myosin
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Impulses from motor neurons cause what?
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skeletal muscle cells to contract
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For skeletal muscles to contract each cell must be stimulated by a process known as what?
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motor neuron impulse propagation
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Voltage gated Ca+2 channels open when?
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When the action potential arrives at axon terminal the voltage change of the membrane opens
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What neurotransmitter is released from the vesicles on the synaptic cleft?
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Ach
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Acetylcholine is broken down by what enzyme?
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Acetylcholine estecase
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What ion triggers a contraction of muscle cells?
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calcium
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Six components of the sliding filament theory?
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myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, ATP, calcium IONS
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what are two hinge points on a myosin molecule?
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The tail and before the head
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What are two binding sites on myosin filament?
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Actin binding site and ATP binding site
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how is actin constructed?
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by actin subunits twisted into a double helix chain
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Where is tropomyosin located on the actin?
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it is intertwined along(around) the actin
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What does tropomyosin do?
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Prevents myosin cross bridge binding
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Steps in a cross bridge cycle
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1)influx of calcium trigering binding sites of actin
2.)binding myosin to actin 3)power stroke causes sliding of filaments 4)binding of ATP to cross bridge causes sliding of thin filaments 5)hydrolysis of ATP leads to energizing on cross bridge 6)breaking of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Recruitment
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The stimulation of additional motor units for increased strength of a contraction
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Lager motor units exhibit what kind of movements?
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gross movements
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Action potential
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A wave of electrochemical activity that allows nerve cells to carry a signal over a certain distance
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Graded potential
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The transmembrance potential difference of a sensory receptor
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3 phases of the cardiac cycle
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Ventricular filling, ventricular systole, insovolumetric relaxation
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Cardiac output equation
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CO=HR X SV
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what is the average heart beat?
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75 bpm
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What is the average stroke volume?
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70 Ml Per beat
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What is the average cardiac output?
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5250
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Two things that increase heart rate?
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Epinepherine and acetylcholine(Ach)
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What decreases heart rate?
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Parasympathetic nerve activity
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What increases stroke volume?
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Venous return and contractility
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What decreases stroke volume?
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low venous return
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3 groups of arteries?
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elastic, muscular, arterioles
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Capillaries consist of what?
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A thin tunica intima
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What is the pathway of depolarization of the heart?
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SA node, Internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
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QRS Complex in EKG
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Ventricular depolarization
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T Wave
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Ventricular repolarization
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P wave in EKG
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Atrial depolarization
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What does an ECG represent?
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The records of electrical activity in the heart
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What generates action potential in the heart?
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autorhythmic cells in the intrinsic conduction system
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3 ion channels associated with the autorhythmic cell?
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sodium, potassium, fast calcium
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What generates the pacemaker potential?
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influx of sodium and efflux of potassium
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What causes depolarization of the membrane potential?
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an Influx of calcium
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what causes repolarization of the membrane potential?
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efflux of K
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Osmotic pressure
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the pressure inside or outside of a cell in which the substance will move
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Permiable membrane
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substances that are allowed through, lets everything through
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Semi permiable membrane
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lets some things through
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CO=HR X SV
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Cardiac output
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Pulse pressure if found by
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SP-DP=PP
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MAP is found by
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DP+1/3(PP)=MAP
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Negative feedback
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body brings back to normal
-set point, sensor, integrator, effector |
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Photoreceptors
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Light - tonic and phasic
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Mechanoreceptors
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mechanical, pressure, touch, phasic receptors
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Thermoreceptors
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Temperature
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Chemoreceptors
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Chemical info - tonic
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Nocireceptors
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Pain - Tonic
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Tonic
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Slow adapting
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Phasic
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Fast adapting
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Spinal Reflex
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A simple motor response that occurs without conscious thought or effort
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Reflex arc
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A neural path that carries the electrical signals of the reflex
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Monosynaptic reflex
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A very rapid event
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Plysynaptic reflex
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occurs when one steps on a sharp object.
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Emmetropia
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Normal Vision
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Myopia
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Near sight
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Hyperopia
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Far sight
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Twitch
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when an individual muscle fiber is stimulated from a motor neuron, it responds with a brief contraction/relaxation response
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