Physiology Ii

Front 1

What drives water movement in cell

Back 1

Osmotic pressure difference across cell membrane

Front 2

When you add isotonic solution what happens to cell volume

Back 2

Stays same

Front 3

When you add hypotonic solution what happens to cell

Back 3

Swells

Front 4

When you add hypertonic solution what happens to cell

Back 4

Shrinks

Front 5

Percenntage of body weight water takes

Back 5

60%

Front 6

Intercellular fluid is _ %
Extracellular fluid is _ %

Back 6

40%
20%

Front 7

Extracellular fluid consists of _ and _

Back 7

Plasma - 5 %
Interstitial fluid + lymph - 15 %

Front 8

How do you calculate total body weight from weight

Back 8

Total body water = 0.6 * body weight

Front 9

How do you calculate how much of body weight is ECF, ICF

Back 9

ECF = body weight * 0.2
ICF = body weight * 0.4

Front 10

How do you calculate plasma volume and interstitial volume

Back 10

Plasma volume = 5% body weight or 25% ECF
Interstitial volume = 15 % body weight or 75 % ECF

Front 11

Main component of ECF is _
ICF _

Back 11

ECF - Na
ICF - K

Front 12

When you add isotonic IV, what happens to volume and osmolaltity of ECF and ICF

Back 12

Increases volume of ECF, everything else is same

Front 13

When you add hypotonic IV, what happens to volume and osmolaltity of ECF and ICF

Back 13

-Increase ICF and ECF volume
-Decrease EC and IC osmolality

Front 14

When you add hypertonic IV, what happens to volume and osmolaltity of ECF and ICF

Back 14

-Increases ECF, decreases ICF volume
-Increases EC and IC osmolality

Front 15

Arterial blood supply of kidney

Back 15

Renal artery --> Segmental artery --> Lobar artery --> Interlobar artery --> Arcuate artery --> Interlobular artery --> Afferent arterioles

Front 16

Kidneys receive _ % of cardiac output

Back 16

20

Front 17

Medullary nephron

Back 17

-higher filtration rate
-long loops of Henle
-capillary network and vasa recta

Front 18

Superficial nephron

Back 18

-lower filtration rate
-short loops of Henle
-peritubular capillaries without vasa recta

Front 19

Describe filtration barrier of kidney

Back 19

Epithelium --> basement membrane --> fenestrated endothelium
Filtration barrier is negatively charged - small molecules pass, large cannot

Front 20

Which force is driving for filtration

Back 20

Pgc - hydrostatic pressure

Front 21

Which forces oppose filtration

Back 21

Hydrostatic pressure of tubule - Pt
Colloid osmotic pressure

Front 22

Net ultrafiltration pressure gradient

Back 22

difference between pressures that favoring and opposing filtration - Pf

Front 23

GFR equation

Back 23

GFR = Kf * Pf = Kf * (Pgc - (Pt + Pb )

Front 24

Kf = ...

Back 24

membrane permeability * membrane surface area

Front 25

Membranous nephropathy - thickening of basement membrane has what effect on Kf

Back 25

Decreases permeability --> decreases Kf --> decreases GFR

Front 26

Epithelial cell injury - foot process detachment has what effect on Kf

Back 26

Increases surface area --> increases Kf --> increase GFR - more protein in urine

Front 27

GFR in healthy person

Back 27

120 ml/min

Front 28

_ doesnt change much across capillary length

Back 28

Pressure difference

Front 29

_ increases along length of capillary length

Back 29

Osmotic colloid pressure

Front 30

There is net _ in Pf across capillary length

Back 30

decrease

Front 31

When you increase Pgc, what happens to pressure difference

Back 31

Increases

Front 32

When you increase tubular pressure, what happens to pressure difference

Back 32

Decreases

Front 33

When you constrict afferent arteriole, what happens to Pgc and GFR

Back 33

Decrease Pgc
Decrease GFR

Front 34

Most common regulator of GFR

Back 34

Changes in afferent arteriole resistance

Front 35

Constriction of efferent arteriole does what to Pgc and GFR

Back 35

Increase Pgc
Increase GFR

Front 36

What happens to Pgc and GFR when you dilate afferent arteriole

Back 36

Increase Pgc
Increase GFR

Front 37

What happens to Pgc and GFR when you dilate efferent arteriole

Back 37

Decrease Pgc
Decrease GFR

Front 38

Renal obstruction leads to _ of GFR

Back 38

Decrease

Front 39

Why would tubular obstruction decrease GFR

Back 39

Blockage in tubule increases Pt --> decreases GFR

Front 40

When you decrease arterial blood pressure, what happens to renal blood flow

Back 40

Decrease arterial blood flow --> blood flow in kidneys remains constant by vasodilation of afferent arterioles

Front 41

When you increase arterial blood pressure, what happens to blood flow

Back 41

Increase arterial BP --> increased blood flow, RBF remains constant by vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

Front 42

_ maintains constant arterial BP at glomerulus

Back 42

Increased resistance

Front 43

_ maintains constant blood flow to glomerulus

Back 43

Decreased resistance

Front 44

2 mechanisms for autoregulation

Back 44

-Myogenic - smooth muscle changes in ateriole in response to wall tension
-Tubuloglomerular feedback - NaCl concentration at juxtaglomerular cells controls tone of afferent arteriole
Increased NaCl - afferent arteriole constriction --> decrease GFR --> decreased Na to distal nephron
Decreased NaCl --> afferent arteriole dilation--> increased GFR

Front 45

How does myogenic autoregulatory mechanism work

Back 45

Increase pressure on arteriole stretches wall and opens Ca channel --> Ca influx causes muscle contraction that offers the pressure increase and maintains RBF and GFR

Front 46

Describe tubuloglomerular feedback

Back 46

Juxtaglomerular apparatus allows glomerular vasculature to receive information from distal tubule flow
-Increase in arterial blood pressure increases RBF and GFR
-Increased GFR means more fluid and solutes delivered to distal tubule --> macula densa senses increased NaCl concentration in fluid --> adenosine released to constrict afferent arteriole and prevent further increase in RBF and GFR
-Decreased arterial pressure decreases GFR and RBF
-Decreased GFR means less fluid and solutes delivered to distal tubule --> macula densa senses decreased NaCl concentration in fluid
-Vasodilator is released to dilate afferent arteriole and prevent further decreases in RBF and GFR

Front 47

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is where

Back 47

Where distal tubule touches glomerulus

Front 48

Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of _ and _

Back 48

-Macula densa - monitors composition of fluid in tubular lumen
-Granular cells - mainly in afferent arterioles near glomerulus, synthesizes and releases renin

Front 49

What determines whether particle will be filtered or not

Back 49

Size and charge of molecule

Front 50

Excreted = ..

Back 50

(Filtered + Secreted) - Reabsorbed

Front 51

Renal clearance

Back 51

volume of plasma from which substance is removed per unit time

Cx = Ux * V/P = excretion rate/plasma concentration of substance

Front 52

Excretion rate

Back 52

Urine concentration of substance * urine flow rate

Front 53

What percent of inulin is secreted or reabsorbed

Back 53

0 --> all inulin is filtered and excreted meaning that inulin clearance is a good approximation of GFR

Front 54

If clearance of new drug > inulin, then _ occured

Back 54

Secretion

Front 55

If clearance of new drug < inulin, then _ occured

Back 55

Reabsorption

Front 56

Creatinine clearance

Back 56

-Easier to measure then inulin - most widely used for lab tests
-Filtered and excreted in urine --> produced ~excreted, good approximation for GFR
-Inverse relationship between plasma concentration and GFR --> increased GFR = decreased plasma concentration

Front 57

If filtered > excreted, _ occurs

Back 57

reabsorption

Front 58

If filtered < excreted, _ occurs

Back 58

secretion