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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The pericardial sac does what to the heart?
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envelops the heart
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Pericardial fluid serves as a lubricant to reduce ________ that might be caused by movements of the heart.
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friction
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What is the cardiovascular system known for transporting?
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gases
substrates for energy production water & minerals hormones Immunocompetent cells, globulins, albumins Heat |
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What is the only purpose of the cardiovascular system?
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transport
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What is the center of the circulatory system?
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heart
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_____ generates the pressure needed for the perfusion of all organs.
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heart
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The left ventricle supplies the _______ circulation which in turn supplies all organs.
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systemic
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The right ventricle supplies the _______ circulation which supplies only the lung.
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pulmonary
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Systemic & pulmonary circulation consists of _____ pressure side (arteries) & _____ pressure side (veins) & all organs in between.
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high, low
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The left ventricle pumps blood w/ ____ pressure into the aorta.
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high
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The pressure that comes from the left ventricle is the driving force for ____ of all the organs.
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perfusion
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Blood leaves the organs with a very ____ pressure & returns via the caval veins to the right atrium.
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low
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The right ventricle supplies the lung via the ________ artery.
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pulmonary
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The blood flow through the lung causes a _____ in blood pressure.
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decrease
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The remaining pressure in the pulmonary veins is just _____ enough to return the blood to the left atrium.
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high
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The heart consists of ________ which are fused into one functional unit.
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two seperate pumps
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Both, left & right heart are pulsatile two-chamber pumps, each composed of a _______ and a _______.
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atrium & ventricle
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The ____ valve prevents a back-flow from the ventricle into the atrium during the contraction of the ventricle.
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AV valve (atrioventricular valve)
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When the ventricle contracts it ejects blood through a _________ into one of the large arteries.
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semilunar valve
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The semilunar valves prevent a ______ from the arteries into the ventricles during the filling of the ventricle.
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back-flow
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The valves act as _____ or ______ valve for the ventricle.
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inlet or outlet
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For the right side of the heart the inlet valve is ______ & the outlet valve is ______.
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tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve |
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For the left side of the heart the inlet valve is ______ & the outlet valve is ______.
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bicuspid valve
aortic valve |
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The _________ constitutes the base of the heart.
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heart skeleton
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How many valves are attached to the heart skeleton?
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4
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What type of structures does the heart skeleton consist of?
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fibrous, chondric, osseous
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Which structure of the heart skeleton is specific to cattle?
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osseous
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_______ valve guides blood from right ventricle & is included in pulmonary circulation.
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pulmonary trunk valve or right semilunar valve
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_______ valve guides arterial blood from the left ventricle & is included in systemic circulation.
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aortic valve or left semilunar valve
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_______ valve guides venous blood from the cranial & caudal vena cava is located on the right side of the heart.
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tricuspid or right AV valve
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_______ valve guides arterial blood from the lung and is located on the left side of the heart.
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mitral/bicuspid or left AV valve
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_______ valve guides blood from the ventricle into large arteries (aorta & pulmonary artery) during the systole
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semilunar
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________ valve guides the blood from the atrium into the ventricle during the diastole.
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atrioventricular
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Shifting downward during contraction of the base of the heart supports filling of ________.
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atria
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Shifting upward during relaxation of the base of the heart supports filling of ________.
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ventricles
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_______ is when the ventricles contract & blood is ejected into the circulation.
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systole
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During _______ both AV valves are closed.
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systole
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During systole both AV valves are _______, preventing a backflow into the _______.
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closed, atrium
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During systole, both semilunar valves are ____, allowing blood to leave the ventricle.
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open
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After an ejection is completed the ventricles relax & fill again, this passive phase is called ________.
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diastole
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What type of phase is systole?
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active
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What type of phase is diastole?
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passive
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During diastole both semilunar valves are ____ in order to prevent a back-flow of the ejected blood into the ventricle.
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closed
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Both AV valves are _____ to allow blood flowing from the large veins through the atrium into the ventricle.
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open
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________ also have a systole & a diastole, but they are shorter & begin & end before the related ventricular actions.
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Atria
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The heart base equals level of ______.
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valves
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The sequence of mechanical events of a whole heartbeat is called _______
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cardiac cycle
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In order to complete the filling of the ventricles, the first event is a _______ of the atria.
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contraction
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During the cardiac cycle, all 4 valves can be _____ but only 2 valves can be _____.
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closed, open
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Atrial contraction _____ the filling of the ventricles
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completes
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During ______ the ventricles are still relaxed & atrial contractions complete the filling of the ventricles
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atrial systole
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________ happens before ventricle systole.
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atrial systole
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_______ begins when blood pressure rises & all valves close w/ isovolumetric contractions also occuring.
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ventricular systole
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_______ is effected by blood pressure & doesn't effect blood volume during ventricle systole.
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isovolumetric contraction
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After isovolumetric contraction occurs ventricular pressure becomes ______ than aortic pressure/pulmonary artery pressure.
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higher
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When isovolumetric contraction occurs ventricular pressure gets ______ than aortic pressure/pulmonary artery pressure & blood is _______.
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higher, ejected
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Ventricular ______ begins when blood pressure falls & all valves become closed.
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diastole
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Atrial systole -----> _____
--------> ejection ------> __________ -------> passive ventricular filling |
isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation
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When ventricular diastole begins, blood pressure _______ & all valves close causing isovolumetric ______ to occur.
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falls, relaxation
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When isovolumetric ______ occurs, atrial pressure becomes higher than ventrical pressure.
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relaxation
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When atrial pressure becomes higher than ventricular pressure & the AV valves open ______ occurs.
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passive filling
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During diastole of the left ventricle, ________ pressure becomes slightly lower than ______ pressure.
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ventrical, atrial
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When the ventrical ______ (systole) the ventricular pressure rises steeply.
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contracts
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As long as the ventricular pressure is lower than the aortic pressure the aortic valve is _______.
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closed
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When the ventricular pressure _______ the aortic pressure, the aortic valve opens & blood is ejected.
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exceeds
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_______ volume is the maximum volume of the entire cardiac cycle
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enddiastolic
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Why is enddiastolic volume the max volume of the entire cardiac cycle?
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Because the ventricle continues filling up to the very end of the diastole
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The lowest ventricular blood volume is achieved at the end of systole, called ______.
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endsystolic volume
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_______ volume is the volume of blood ejected during systole.
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stroke
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_______ volume is the difference between enddiastolic volume & endsystolic volume.
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stroke
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What is the path of action potentials through the heart?
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Generated in the SA Node in the right atrium, then conducted to the AV node, the Bundle of His, the bundle branches & Purkinje Fibers
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In the conduction system of the heart, once the AP hits the purkinje fibers what happens next?
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From the conduction fibers the depolarization spreads out into the working muscle fibers & causes them to contract.
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The conduction system of the heart consists of what type of fibers?
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cardiac muscle fibers not nerve fibers
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________ cells lose the ability to contract, but gain the ability to generate AP on their own accord.
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cardiac muscle fiber
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The speed of conduction is much higher/lower in Bundle Branches & Purkinje Fibers & much higher/lower in the AV node.
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higher
lower |
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What are the primary pacemakers of the heart?
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SA Node
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What are the auxiliary pacemakers of the heart?
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AV node
bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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Why is the SA node called the primary pacemaker?
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It is normally the source of all APs in the heart
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Why are the AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches & purkinje fibers called auxillary pacemakers?
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if the SA nodes fail to generate APs then the aux. pacemakers take over & generate "auxillary" APs to replace the SA APs.
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Where is the SA node found?
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right atrium bt. cranial vena cava & caudal v. cava
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Where is the AV node found?
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atrial septum
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Where is the Bundle of His found?
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base of the heart, bt. atrial septum & ventricular septum
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Where are the bundle branches found?
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left & right side of the ventricular septum
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Where are the Purkinje fibers found?
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muscle wall of both ventricles
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The ____ node is the physiological pacemaker of the heart, which generates an automatic rhythmicity
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SA
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Self excitation of SA node cells results mainly from the inherent high permeability to ____ & ____.
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Na+ & K+
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The slow depolarization bt. two APs (diastole) is called ______.
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pacemaker potential or prepotential
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The delay in the AV node results in a _______ contraction
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sequential
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What is a sequential contraction?
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A contraction of the first atria & then the ventricles allowing the atria to pump blood into the ventricle
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SA node initiates ______.
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depolarization
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AV node acts as _____ & ____
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frequency filter & delays
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Bundle of His delays _______.
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propagation
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Bundle branches guide into _____ & _____.
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left & right ventricles
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purkinje fibers connect to _____.
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muscle tissue
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Nervous control of the heart comes from where?
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Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic nerve |
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Humoral control of the heart comes from what?
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Hormones (epinephrine,norepinephrine)
Electrolytes (Na+,K+,Ca2+) Drugs |
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Parasympathetic innervations of the heart happen where?
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left & right atrium
SA node AV node |
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Which innervation of the heart includes the ventricle?
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sympathetic nerve
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Sympathetic innervations of the heart happen where?
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Left & right atrium
SA node AV node Left & right ventricle |
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Cardiac activity is controlled by the ______.
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ANS
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The sympathetic nervous system _______ heart rate, speed of conduction, force of contraction & excitability.
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increases
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_______ nervous system is not the force of contraction of the ventricle.
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Parasympathetic
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The parasympathetic nervous system ______ heart rate, speed of conduction (atrium)& excites the atrium.
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decreases
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Define chronotropic.
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heart rate
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Define dromotropic.
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speed of conduction in the heart
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Define inotropic.
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force of contraction in the heart
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Define bathmotropic.
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excitability in the heart.
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Norepinephrine _____ heart rate.
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increases
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Acetylcholine ____ heart rate.
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decreases
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________ causes steeper depolarization through increased Na+ influx & decreased K+ efflux
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Norepinephrine
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_______ causes flatter diastolic depolarization through increased K+ efflux & decreased Ca+ influx
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Acetylcholine
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Norepinephrine causes steeper depolarization through increased ___ influx & decreased ___ efflux.
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Na+, K+
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Acetylcholine causes flatter diastolic depolarization through increased ___ efflux & decreased ___ influx.
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K+, Ca+
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Under extreme conditions like running fast, the ______ nervous system has no influence on the heart.
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parasympathetic
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What happens when both the parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves exert equal influence on the heart?
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They eliminate each other & the heart beats w/ the intrinsic rate of the SA Node
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The sympathetic N. dominates the ________; & the parasympathetic n. dominates the _____.
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day, night
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_______ & ________ are hormones synthesized in the suprarenal gland & released into the blood. They exert the same effect on the heart.
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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Norepinephrine is also the neurotransmitter of the ________ nerve
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sympathetic
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How does epinephrine & norepinephrine effect the heart?
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They increase
heart rate speed of conduction force of contraction excitability |
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______ is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve & is synthesized in its synapses.
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Acetylcholine
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_______ exerts negative tropic effects on the heart.
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Acetylcholine
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_____ is the neurotransmitter of all skeletal muscles.
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ACh
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_____ is the preganglionic transmitter of both, the sympathetic & parasympathetic nerve & the postganglionic transmitter of the parasympathetic nerve
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ACh
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How does ACh effect the heart?
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It decreases heart rate, speed of conduction, force of contraction & excitability
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______ = the pumping ability of the heart.
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contractility
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What does increased contractility result in?
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larger stroke volume for any given end-diastolic volume
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What does decreased contractility result in?
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smaller stroke volume
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Decreased _____ can cause heart failure.
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contractility
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