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311 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a good cd4 count without HIV?
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700-1500
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Discribe the onset of aids
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- acute symptom with a resolving cold
- then latency period where the cd4 cells are being distroyed. |
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what is viral load?
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how much of the virus is in the blood
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3 ways to get mouth yeast
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1) too much antibiotic can cause you to loose mouth flora
2) diabetes can cause thrush by too much sugar in the mouth 3) inhaled steriods |
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List some oppurtunistic infections-
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1. thrush
2. tb 3. pcp 4. toxoplasmosis 5. cytomeglourousour 6. microvat...... |
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True or false
you can get rid of aids but not HIV |
true
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Signs of seroconversion
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- amphous mouth ulcers
- mono feeling - tiny rash(without papulues) - fever, fatigue |
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Most frequent evidence of HIV
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- skin rash on hands and feet that goes away in 2 weeks.
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Before we wouold control aids people developed-
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kekexia
(aids wasting) |
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Common cancer in aids patients-
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kaposis sarcoma (crix belly)
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HIV distructs---
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mylin sheaths
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Can you get HIV from poop, burgers, vomit or saliva?
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NO
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Most common primary infection of herpes zoster-
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chicken POX
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2 distinct clinical syndromes of Varacilla Virus
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1) primary infection
2) subsequent reactivation of virus |
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What percentage of people show serologic evidence of the varicilla virus (which increases their risks for herpes zoster-)
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90 %
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What suspends immune response?
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steriods
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POssible herpes complications-
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- secondary bacyterial infections
- post herpetic neuralgia (pain continues past a month) - blindness - corneal ulceration |
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allodynia =
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non painful things become painful
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Allodynia is common in-
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postherpetic nueralgia
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Treatment of Herpes Zoster
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- antivirual drugs
- acyclovier antying |
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Herpes Zoster pain intervention
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- gabapentin
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What does lidocain do?
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blocks NA voltage gated nerve channels
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PT's best friend reguarding nerve pain
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nuerontin (gabapentin)
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Oral corticosteriods is contraindicted in patients with-
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diabetes or gastritis
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AIDS infection can stimulate/trigger ?
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- lupus
- r. arthritis - sjorgns disease |
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List some Autoimmune diseases-
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gullian barre
aids IDDM |
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Ankylosing =
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joint fusion
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Self markers-
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MHC
HCA |
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What HCA self marker class is more common in men?
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class 1 -abc
what WBC responds to the markers of class 2 = helper t, cd4 class one is = killer tcells cd8 |
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2 immune diseases that are more commen in men-
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ankylosing spondylosis
psoriases |
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List some class 2 aids that are more common in the ladies-
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- systemic lupus
- rhumitiod arthritis - dm-pm - sjorens disease - rhuematic fever |
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What gender does type one diabetes prefer?
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either or
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Two important rules of autoImmune Diseases-
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1) they are diseases o exacerbations and remissions
2) All involve abnormal cellular profliferations. |
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What is the theory for AIDs with reguards to genetics...
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Inhereted the tendency and triggered by envirnment.
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What is sjogrens syndrome-
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common, usualy mild illness characterized by autoimmune damage to the salivary and lacrimal glands plus arthritis
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Sometimes, Sjogrens ruins...
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renal tubes
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Most patients of Sjogrens are-
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milddle aged women.
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Sjogrens increases the risk of
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lupus
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What Sjogrens, what is doing the damage?
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T cells irratate and distroy glands.
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How can Sjogrens disease increase cancer?
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B-cells show abnormalites of their immunoglobuliun
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Whats a huge sign of lupus erythematosus? And what gender is it most common in ?
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nose rash- wolf like
ladies |
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Most lupus patients make antibodies against-
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their own DNA
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How does lupus effect the kidneys?
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What it attacks its own dna, the dna precipitaes and gets trapped in the glomeruli, clogs kidneys and damages them.
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Who tends to develoope false positive syphilis tests?
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Lupus Patients
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Where are the cell bodies of sensory nerves?
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dorsal root ganglia
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what is the wolf like nose rash disease called?
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lupus erythematosus
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lupus is more common in what types of people?
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wemon and black wimmon
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most lupus patietns make anitibodies against their own
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DNA
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what probbaly cuases most of the arthritis?
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antigen-antibody complexes
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which would you rather have and why?
DLE or SLE |
you would prefer DLE because this type of lupus only effects the skin, and SLE is not benign.
Both have the butterfly rash symptom |
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whats an antinuclear antipbody?
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anitbody against your own DNA
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Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as anti-nuclear factor or ANF) are antibodies present in higher than normal numbers in autoimmune disease. The ANA test measures the pattern and amount of autoantibody which can attack the body's tissues as if they were foreign material. Everyone has a small amount of autoantibody, but in about 5% of the population this is raised, and about half of this 5% have an autoimmune disease.
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) manufactured by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. |
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Iatrogenic =
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disorders caused by treatment
ex) like steriods supressing immuno response and causes worse problems |
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Some reccomend low tech Omega 3 fish oil for what disease?
high tech? |
lupus
totaly lymphiod radiation, postcycly[hsp[aahte, super high chemo, and stem cell rescue |
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what does dilantin do?
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stabilizes cell membranes (used for people with bad headaches or seizures) but can cause lupus over time.
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what is the difference between polymyostitus and dermatomyositis?
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Poly- involves skeletal muscles and damages them through inflammation (groups of muscle cells degenerate)
deratom= inflammation of skeletal muscles AND skin |
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what mucles are spared in polymyositis?
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face muscles
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Some possibile triggers of polymyositis-
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cat litter
collagen vascular disease rheumatic fever sarcoidosis cancer |
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generally if damage is proximal to distal its a _____ problem
distal to proximal its a ____ problem |
MUSCLE
NERVE ( and longest nerves damage first) |
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Mixed connective tissue Diases consists of what 3 diseases?
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lupus
polymyositits scleroderma |
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What are some symptoms of mixed connective tissue Disease and what treatment does it respond to?
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severe raynauds
swollen fingers mild myositits severe joint pain responds to steriods kidneys are spared (yay) |
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5 signs and symptoms of inflammation
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rubor (pain)
tumor (swelling) calor (heat) dolar (pain) |
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what 3 microciculatory changes must occur for WBC to exudate?
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dilataion vessels(rubor)
increased permeability diapedesis of WBC |
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Acute inflammation =
chronic = |
8-10 days from onset ot healing
2 weeks |
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Mast cell granules stimulate =
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1. vasodilatation
2. inflitration of WBC |
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3 components of the ACUTE response
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- Mast cells
- complement system - release of cellular components |
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chemotaxis =
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how cells find the site of injury (follow gradient)
Archadonic Acid is released when cells are injured and is converted to leukotrines and prostoglandins that cause fever and pain |
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list the three granulocytes
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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When bacteria lives insides the monocytes (a macrophage that ate them) and cause...
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chronic infection
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so esinophils do phagocytisis?
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no, they bind to the membrane and contains
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interferons attack?
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viruses (all of them act in a nonspecific manner to increase the inflammaotry response)
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discribe 3 types of exudate
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- serous
fibrinous (bad if green) prurlent - pus and smelly |
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edogenous pyrogins stimulate what?
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hypothamalic set point (fever)
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Systemic manifestations of Acute Inflammation-
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- fever
- leukocytes - increase plasma protiens |
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chronic inflammation is characterized by:
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dense infliftration of lymphocuytes and macraphages (granuloma if needed to be walled off)
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resolution= =
what cells can do this? |
normal physiologucakl function
cells that have the ability to regenerate like: liver, bone and peripheral nerve *** but only with a healthy liver |
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repairing happens in the absence of?
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resolution
( so there is scar tissue) |
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Name and discribe the steps of repair
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1. acute inflammation
- debridement by fibriniolytic enzymes 2. repair 1 or 2 degrees 3. resolution phase - growing, 3days-2 weekd after injury - prliferation, granulation tissue grows 4. maturation phase - weeks to 2 years after injury "differentiation" |
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why would something be healed by secondary intention?
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- fibroblast migration can only go a certain distance
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best case senario of secondary intention
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80% tensilr strength regained
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compensatory hyperplagia =
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mitotic regeneration (opnly liver, bone marrow !!)
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blood is an excellent growth medium for
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bacteria
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How could there be an impaired collegen synthesis during reconstructivve phases
and name two relating diseases |
not enough vitimen C or adequte protein materials
1. EDS - not matured collegen 2. keliod formation |
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dehesince =
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abdominal wounds open up
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____ are vulnerable to quickly developing overwehlming sepsis
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pediatric patients
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#1 infection diseases
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microorganisasm
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Name the stages of infection
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1. colonization - pathogens in body, without tissue invasion
2. Invasion - attaches to host via adhesions molecures, uses metabolism/nurients 3. multiplication - may use host cell organelles - why antibodies are useless 4. spread - migrates through blood or lymph |
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Name some factors for infection
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- infectivity
- pathogenicity - virulence - immunogenicity - toxogenicity |
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Explain: an infection doesnt have to be pathogenic
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this means ,like TB is a n infection but it has a very low pathogenicity
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Virulence
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potency in terms of # organisms (for amount of toxin) required to kill host
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Symptoms of AIDS
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thursh
pcp penumonia toxoplasmosis |
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Communalism
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Benefits the organ, no beneift to the human
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pathogenity mean =
oppositte term = |
benefits oprganism, harms human
-symbiosis |
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candida =
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a mucus fingus - yeast
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4 pathogen defense mechanisms
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1. surface coat
2. antigentic variation 3. recombination 4. gene switching |
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what does a surface coat inhibit
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phagocytosis
prevents opstination |
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Why cant we cure the common cold?
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due to antigenic vatiation - altering surface protiens
by doing genetic thingys |
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what MUST bacteria have to multiply
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Iron
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How come cholera (60% death rate) can develope and kill within 3 days
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- bacertai proliferation rates can surpass protective response- since the first immune response takes a week
cholera- give them sugar |
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Anaphaklaxis
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body wide mast cell degranulation, causeing vasodialation and bropnchial musus edema
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which of the following can be deadly
1- exotoxins 2- endotoxins |
exotoxins- are in the cell walls of gram negative organisms pyrogenic effects, diffuse intravascular coagulation
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how klong ar eyou sick for with a viral infection?
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1-2weeks
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Viruses are an obligate intracelluar parasites... what does this consist of
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1. dependant on host cells
2. no metabolism, cannot reproduce 3. permissive host cell usually a self limiting infections |
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when you have the measules, when do you get a rash
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dont get rash until youre almost better...
incubation period is about 10 days and then another week of the disesaes- shedding |
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HPV transforms hosts cells into-
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cencer cells
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fungal inflections are large microoganisms with big
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thick cell walls
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The immunological response that causes sepsis is a
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a systemic inflammatory response causing widespread activation of inflammation and coagulation pathways.
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Bacteremia is different to sepsis in that it refers to the presence, not the replication, of pathogens.
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difference in bacteremia and septicemia
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Bacteremia is the principal means by which
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local infections are spread to distant organs (
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clinical manifestations of infectious disease is almost always
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FEVER
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Clotting system =
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Need Vit K and CA
fibrinogen turns to fibrin which biulds the clot plasmogin -> plasmin, desolves the clot final clot pathway is activated by complement kinen system 1. stop bleeding 2. clot until heal 3. remove clot |
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in the clotting system, what is vasoconstricting?
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arterioles
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activation of the clotting system stimulates what components that enhance the inflammatory process
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1. kinen system
2. chemotaxuis 4. vascular permeability |
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ogen =
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inactiviate
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what increases in vascular permeability on both acute and chronic inflammation and acts with PG to produce pain
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bradykinen (in both acute and chronic)
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Once inactive kinenes are inactivated....
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rapidly degraded by kinase persent in tissues and plama
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Kinin System
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kinin system is a poorly delineated system of blood proteins that plays a role in inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. Its important mediators bradykinin and kallidin are vasodilators and act on many cell types.
increase vascular permeability |
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what three systems are activated by inflammation
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clotting
complement kinin |
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Complement System
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is a biochemical cascade which helps clear pathogens from an organism
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Define Vaccine
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induction of long lasting protective immune responses that will not resuilt in diseae in a healthy recipient
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5 types of Vaccines and discribe each
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1. attenated organisms = live organism knocked down
ex) MMR 2. killed organisms =less risks 3. recombant viral protien = no risk to get duisaes, like Hep a and B 4. bacterail antigens 5. toxins (small amount) Like tetanus and whooping caugh |
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biological stress was introduced by
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Dr. Hans selye
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what underlies tons of diseases?
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chronic inflammation
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Three stages of GAS
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1. alarm stage- SNS
2. stage of resistance or adaptation- mobilization 3. stage of exhuastion- break down of homeostasis |
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Alarm stresse triggers the
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hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis Activates SNS
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reactive response
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physiologic reactions to psychologic stressors
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How is cortisol formed
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CRH to pituitary, ACTH released to adrenal ghaldn, Cortisol released
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Immune modulation by psycholsocial stressors
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leads directly to health outcomes
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Catecholamines =
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relased from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla during the centrsal stress response and it mimic direct sympathetic stimulation
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Tropic =
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releasing factors ( not an actual hormone)
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what is pain?
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a psychic Event
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somaotrpin =
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growth hormone
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collection of cell bodies in cns =
collection of cell bodies in peropheral system = |
nuclous
ganglion |
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what is prolactin and what happens during stress?
ditto for oxytocin |
milk laceration and increases with stress
uterincontraction may produce reduced anxiety |
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hypersensitivty =
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altered immune reactivity such thata pathogenic respone to re-exopsuyre23
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______- the deleterious effect of hypersesitivy to envirnmental allergens (exogenous)
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allergy
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relatye allergy and hypersensitivity
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allergy is effect of hypersensitivity
allergic is the same thig as hypersensitivity |
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Alloimmue diseases =
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the immune system of another produces as immune response against the tiisues of another person
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Name the four types of Hypersensitivity reactions
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I. IGE mediadted alleric
II. tissue specific reactions III. immune complex mediated IV. cell mediated |
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Name two types of anaphalaxis and which one is deadly
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1) systemic (deadly)
2) cutaneous - degranulated masts |
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Do allergies tend to be inherited?
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yepo
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Name two treatments for type I hypersensitivity reaction
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1) prick
2) desensitization |
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type II tissue specific means-
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antibodies distroy own human cell- via the complement systems and antireceptor Ab
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Type II tissue specific reaction is is associated with what disorder
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MG myasthenia Gravis
(skeletal muscle diase, the antibodies eat nicotinic receptors so Ach has tiny effect and therefore- muscle weakness |
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what is Graves disease?
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hyperthyroid - exoplpthlemia bug eyes
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Big clumpy Ab complexes caise prnlems like inflammation and tissue distruction. vessel deposits that clog kidneys, arthritis and possible systemic serum sickness in WHAT hypersensitivty reaction?
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Type III
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What can you get if you get blood transplants from a horse?
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system type III disease
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what age of people are more likley to get serum sickness?
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Older than 15 becuase they would recieve more antitoxin
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rubor
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bright redness of the skin right after reactive hyperemia- especially in people with raynauds
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What hypersensitivity reaction in delayed?
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type IV (cell mediated)
24-72 hour onset sesitized TC and TD cells activated macrophages that go CRAZYZYZYZYZYZ |
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Hajimoto disease =
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immune system attacks thyroid- in type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction
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Autoimmunity is the break down of self tolerance- name two
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1) sequestered antigen
2) infectious disease that confuse the antibodies |
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What is attacked in Guillain- Barre Syndrome?
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- myelin sheath in periphery
DISTAL TO PROXIMAL |
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Usually, Guillain- Barre Syndrome occurs a few days or weeks after..
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after a repiratory, or gastrointestinal viral infections.
- Prodrome |
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When do people with Guillain- Barre Syndrome reach the stage of greatest weakness?
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After the first two weeks
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What IS attacking the myelin in Guillain- Barre Syndrome
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Ab- but dont cross BBB
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What disease is associated with loss of DTR
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Guillain- Barre Syndrome
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What disease is associated with protien in the CSF?
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Guillain- Barre Syndrome
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What makes the residual disability greater in Guillain- Barre Syndrome
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1. over 40 years old
2. rapid severe weakness with ventilator 3. complete areflexia in acute stage 4. campylobactor source 5. lack of treatment with plasma exchange 6. longer time to improve initially |
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what is campylobacter?
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Gram neg bacteria from poultry,ruminants and swine (poopy in the meat)
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what % of people with GBS also get heart problems because their autonomics was demylenated too
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65
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Campylobaceriosis is self limiting because you poop it out, but the incubation time is _______ related to the inoculom time
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inversly- dont stop shitting!
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Howcome bacteria can live outside of the body?
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capsulewith different ribosomes and enzymes(?)
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Especially if you have merca, what is your last line of defense?
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VRSA- vancomycin resistance Staph. aureus
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why do viruses need us?
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need our metabolic machinary
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Antiviral drugs are generally more ____ then ______
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More virustatic than virucydal
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How do antiviral drugs work?
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- inhibit enzymes necessary for replication
- try to attack virus before it gets into host cell |
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List 5 common Viruses:
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herpes
Hep A and B influenza polio pox |
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Varicella zoster virus causes two distinct clinical syndromes
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1) primary infection
2) Subsequent reactivation of latent virus- increase incidence with increasing age- lives in dorsal root ganglia |
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Increased Incidence risk of herpes
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- over 50, stress, poor diet, spinal surgery, radiation
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3 common herpes prodromes
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- HA
- mailase - photophobia |
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What palsy can occur with herpes Zoster?
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left sixth cranial nerve palsy
(left eye cant abduct) |
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are cutaneous effects of herpes uni or bilateral?
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UNILATERAL- dont cross midline and never SKIPS dermatomes
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Varicella zoster virus causes two distinct clinical syndromes
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1) primary infection
2) Subsequent reactivation of latent virus- increase incidence with increasing age- lives in dorsal root ganglia |
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Increased Incidence risk of herpes
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- over 50, stress, poor diet, spinal surgery, radiation
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3 common herpes prodromes
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- HA
- mailase - photophobia |
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What palsy can occur with herpes Zoster?
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left sixth cranial nerve palsy
(left eye cant abduct) |
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are cutaneous effects of herpes uni or bilateral?
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UNILATERAL- dont cross midline and never SKIPS dermatomes
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patients with shingles are contagious in that they...
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can infect others with chicken pox but NOT shingles
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fungus has thickcell walls, molds are aerobic whereas yeast is
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anarobic
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what are the white blotches on sore throat
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candida- fungus
(strep throat is RED blotches) |
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Name two Congenital Immune Deficiencies
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1. Hypogammaglobunemia (not enough Ig's)
- which is first immune response 2. SCID - reticular degensis ( WBC stem cells are absent) - digeorge sydrome |
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Explain NA K pump
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3 NA out
2 K in so there is more NA externally and more K internally |
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Endocytosis
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bringing stuff into the cell
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What is a peptide
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less than 100 amino acids
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Two membrane proteins
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1. associated- anchors
2. integral - receptors, pumps and channels |
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How are membranes dynamic and how are they unstable?
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dynamic- inclusions can be moved added or ubtracted
unstable- double layer of grease |
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Four catagories of integral proteins
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1. structural
2. enzymes 3. receptors 4. transporters - channel or carrier |
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what integral transport protien creates water filled pores?
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channel proteins
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What integral tranport protein does not have an actual hole?
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carrier proteins
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3 types of controlled channels
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1. voltages gates (action potentials)
2. mechanotransduced (vias neurotransmitter) 3. chemical |
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Quanta
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These neurotransmitters are released in quanta, whereby a single quantum consists of a vesicle containing possibly thousands of neurotransmitters
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where is ANS in spinal cord?
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anterimedialateral cell column
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Axons in CNS called-
Axons in Peripheral |
TRact
Nerve |
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Number of action potentials determines the
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intensity of signal
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A Neurotrasmitter travels in ___ and NOT ____
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synaptic cleft and NOT in blood
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Atopic =
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tendency to devvelope a disorder ( inheritence)
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Name 3 catecholamines
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NE
Epi Dopa |
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functional unit of NS
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neuron or nerve cell
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What system contains motor efferents and sensory afferents?
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CNS
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3 parts of ANS
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1. para symp
2. symp 3. enteric (INFLUENCED ONLY) |
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Where is the cell body of motor neurons?
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ventral root ganglia
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Sensory nevers are ___polar
Motor N are___ polar |
BIpolar
Uni...multi polar |
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What is it called to transfer things from the soma to the end of the axon?
And what is responsible for this? Be specific |
Antegrade (Kinesin)
Non myopsin motors like dynein and Kinesin (hormones) (Neurostransmit) |
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How come the PNS can repair itself and the CNS cannOT?
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The Ons has glial cells that provde support and protection to neurons (satelite)
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Where as MD is genetic, MS is
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aquired
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Charcot Marie Tooth AKA
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peroneal nerve atrophy
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What literally happens in CMT
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there is one amino acid missing. The schwann cells forget to wrap. There are HEALTHY neverves but they are left unmyelinated
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Peroneal muscle action
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inversion and plantar flex
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CMT usually appears between te ages of
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5-15
- brace right away - be careful with new shoes - check for red spots after 15 minutes |
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Whats the difference between MD and CMT?
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MD- muscle disease
CMT- nerve disease |
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When is the life does myelination occur
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right after birth
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Depolarize =
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anything positive going into the cell
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The input area of sensory and motor nersons of the soma dont have?
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Voltage gated NA K channels
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Are ligand gates controllable?
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Yesseri BOBBO
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what potentials can be positive or negative
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graded potentials
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graded potentials decrease over
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time and distance
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what is VERY importnat for resting membrane?
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potassium
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Discribe the VG at rest?
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closed
meaning the ecf is positive icf is negative |
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when can the VG from an AP reset?
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= during repolarization, the negative charge pulls the ball out and the gate can reset.
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How can a refractory period exist in a nerve?
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Because some channels have been repolarizaed so if there is lots of stiumlumus an AP can be fired
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the more action potentials that arrive, the more ____gets realeased into the axon terminal and the more ______
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CA+
vesickes of transmitter fuse and dump |
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what can make a nerve fast?
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fat and myelinated
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what is order of myelin degeneration in the PNS
regeneration? What about the CNS ? |
distal to proximal
prox to distal CNS same for degeneration and dont forget, CNS cannot regenererate- its called sorry your FUCKED |
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whats the difference between tetanus and botulinis?
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T- (cleaves VAMP)lost inhibition due to skeletal hypercontracted
B- breaks motor N snapes and snares- paralysis Inhibiting Ach |
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Zombies stemmed from-
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Tetradotoxin (TTX)
found in puffer fish gonads, some frogs, neuts... red tide |
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What does tetradotoxin block?
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voltage-gates sodium channels
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intrinsic heart rate =
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100
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what was once our eye from when we were swamp animals
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pineal gland
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what kind of nerve gives off Ach
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MOTOR -> skelital muscles
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Ach is found in what systems?
NE? DA and Seritonin? |
ANS and CNS
Ans, heart, smooth muscle CNS |
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Where are Nicotinic receptors found?
Where do you find Muscarinic? |
skelettal muscle
ans post gang cells target tissues of PNS POST gang cells |
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You always get depolariziation when Ach binds to an
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nAchR
via na/k pump |
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people with myasthenia gravis are missing what type of receptors?
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dont have enough niocontinic receptors
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what enzyme breaks down Ach
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acetylecholinesterace into chlorine and acetate
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what are receptors for NE and EPi
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adrenergic receptors.. alpha and beta familes, second messenger
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primi babies are vulnerable to what two tings?
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dehydration and sepsis
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cd4 =
cd8 = natural killer = |
cd4- helper t
cd8- cytotoxic that kills antigens natural killer- no specific cacer and virus cell killers |
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whhich would you rather have, polymyositis or dermyosities?
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derm is worse because it effects the skin and the muscles, the poly only effects the muscles
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what type of reaction is urticaria?
Graves? Serum Sickness? posison Ivy |
type I
Type II type III Type IV |
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cana discoid rash be seen with systemic lupus?
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yes
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what is Agammaglobulinemia
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congenital immuno dificeincy
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what is tenia pedis?
TB? |
fungal infection
bacteria infection |
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someone with SLE will have high
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autoantibodies
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an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen
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hyperesensitivity
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Hay fever, a common allergy, is expressed through:
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IGe mediated reactions
in TYPE I |
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what hypersensitivity reaction does NOT involve antibodies?
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type IV
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endocytosis of histamine by mast cells is NOOOOOT a sign of
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anaphalaxis
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major cause of death world wide =
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infectious disease
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does the size of the pathogen influence infection?
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NOpy
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what cuases tissue specific reactions?
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A.complement-mediated lysis
B.opsonization and phagocytosis C.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
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Following a subcutaneous inoculation of a certain drug, Joan experiences a localized inflammatory response. This response is an example of
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A.type III hypersensitivity
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raynauds if a form of
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serum sickness
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primary mechanism for organ rejections
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B.immune response against donor HLA antigens
C.type IV hypersensitivity |
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when does an alloimune disesae result?
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When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus
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what do you need to diagnose SLE?
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4/11 signs
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If an immune deficiency has a clear genetic cause it is called a _____ immune deficiency
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primary and congential
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Congenital thymic aplasia is characteristic of:
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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T/F Secondary immune deficiency may result from normal physiologic changes
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true baby
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Adis is awsociated with the following
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diabetes
C.pregnancy D. Hodgkin disease |
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bacterial resistance to antibodies are due to
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A. alterations in the target molecule
B. inactivation of the drug C. changes in the bacterial membrane that prevent drug uptake |
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Vaccines Induce
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induce primary and secondary immune responses.
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fungal infections are controlled by
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are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes
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not enough zinc can...
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can depress both T and B cell function.
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inflammation is triggered by
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A. cellular injury
B. microorganisms C. oxygen deprivation |
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A. neutrophils
B. mast cells C. platelets Are part of? |
Acute inflammatory response
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Cells in the blood that probably function in the same way as tissue mast cells are
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basiphils
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3 things esinophils do
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A.defending against parasites
B.controlling mediators of acute inflammation C.degrading vasoactive amines |
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The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through functions of
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degranulation and mediation
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The complement system, clotting system, and kinin system share which of the following characteristics
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proenzyme activation
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Asprin does what
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blocks the synthesis of prostaglandins, thereby inhibiting some aspects of the acute inflammatory response
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Antigen-antibody complex may activate the
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complement system
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Activation of the compliment system produces compounds that...
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A.opsonize bacteria
C.induce mast cell degranulation |
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The _____ system is a plasma protein system that forms a fibrinous exudate at an inflamed site to trap exudates, microbes, and foreign bodies.
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coagulation
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Bradykinen DOES NOT induce degredation of prostoglandins.
So what does it do? |
A.inducing pain
B.inducing smooth muscle contraction C.inducing endothelial cell retraction |
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predominant phagocytic cells early in the inflammatory response are
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neutrophils
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how is a fever produced
|
endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
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A patient is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia. Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration?
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fibrinous
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when can dysfunciton would healing occur?
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can occur during any phase of the wound healing process
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what mediates inflammation
|
plasma protein systems
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Mast cells activate
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the immune response
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craniosacral system is the
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parasympathetic branch of ANS
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is histamine a neurotransmitter?
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yes it is WOOW
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Name 3 things that release ACH
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1) symp pre gang fibers
2) PARA pre gang 3) PARA post gang |
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what percentage of brain is cardiac 0utput?
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20%
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what is associated with pez cavius?
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CMT
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Where is the axon hillock for sensory nerves
what about motor nerves |
First node of ranvie
initial segment of axon for motor |
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what does graNULATION do
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Vasodialation, increased vascular permability, infiltration by WBC
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complement system does what in the acute phase
|
Makes up circulating serum proteins, once activated the protein particpate in the inflammaorty response. Activate Ag-Ab complexes, like non-specific defense and anaphylatoxins. Stimulates cellular infiltration, thrombosis, pain due to nerve ending stimulation (activates plateletes), releases pain lysosomal enymes,
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what makes prostoglandins
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produced from arachidonic acid (membrane phospholipid) by cyclooxygenase enzymes
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what dissolves clot>
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plasminogen -> plasmin, cause by tPA= tissue plasminogen activator
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clotting system needs what to cascade
|
vit K
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what diseases ruin snapes and snare?
|
eaten-lambert
botulism |
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Stage one of GAS produces
|
catecholaimes and then in stage II they become hormonal
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Derm vs polymyositis
|
derm- skin and muscle
poly- just muscle |
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interfureons are
|
antivirals
|
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Name a disease for each hypersensitivity type
|
I. psoriasis
II. mg, graves III. kindey damage, bloodvessels, raynauds IV. hajimoto, IDDM |
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Dop, EPI, and NE are all from?
|
tryacine
|
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purple eye lids aka
|
heliatropic
|
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seroconversion =
|
show antibodies
lasts 7-11 years for someone with aids |
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A vasoactive peptide=
|
histamine (increase vascular perm causes tumor and rubor)
|
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What two diseases paralyze skeltal muscle
|
eaton lambert and botulisim
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what disease causes excess contraction of skeltal muscle?
|
tetnus
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Eaton lambert does damage where?
|
CA channels
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|
tetrodoxotoxin closes =
treatment and what mimics this? |
NA channels
wait for new ones to be made, and anything with CAIN afterwards mimics this. |
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atopic syndrome
|
allergic conjunctiviitis
allergic rhinitis asthma no reflex? |
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|
clotting has what kind of feedback loop
|
positive
(cascade activated) CA, vit K are important |
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why do babies get vit K injections?
|
so they dont bleed to death
|
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Cushings is related to ?
|
cortisol
|
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Does the heart resolute?
|
No
|
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Three conduction disorders
|
GBS
CMT MS |
|
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temporal vs spacial summation
|
temp- must be close in time
spac- distance to integrating center |
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