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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of the body mass is water for males? Females?
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Males-60%
Females-50% |
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What is water percentage dependent upon?
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Age
Gender Amount of body fat |
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What does water do as age increases?
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Decreases
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What is the correlation between body fat and water?
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Leaner people have a higher proportion of water
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What are the two types of fluid compartments?
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Intracellular Fluid Compartment (IFC)
Extracellular Fluid Compartment (EFC) |
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What is IFC?
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Fluid within the cell-40% of body weight (25L) in adult males
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What is EFC?
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Fluid outside of cells-20% body weight in adult males
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What does EFC consist of?
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3L of Plasma
12L of Interstitial Fluid |
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What type of solutes are body fluids composed of?
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Electrolytes and non-electrolytes
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What make up electrolytes?
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Anions (bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate)
Cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) |
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What electrolytes dominate the ECF?
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Sodium and Chloride are the major solutes
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What electrolytes dominate the ICF
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Potassium, Phosphate, Proteins and magnesium
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What make up non-electrolytes?
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Mostly organic molecules such as glucose, lipids and urea
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What is the movement of fluids between compartments dependent upon?
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Osmotic pressure (related to the amount of electrolytes)
Hydrostatic pressure (related to the volume of fluids) |
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What are the sources of water intake?
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Liquids (60% or 1500mL)
Food (30% or 750mL) Metabolic Water (10% or 250mL) |
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Describe the Control of Intake/Thirst mechanism
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When Water Loss is > water gain
decrease in salivary secretion Resulting in a dry mouth Stimulating Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, triggering the Thirst Sensation Increasing Fluid intake |
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What are the sources of water loss and their percentages?
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Urine (60% or 1500mL)
Skin/Lungs (28% or 700mL) Sweat (8% or 200 mL) Feces (4% or 100 mL) |
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How many mL a day does the average person take in?
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2500 mL a day
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How many mL a day does the average person lose?
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2500 mL a day
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What is fluid balance?
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What is going in should be equal to what is coming out
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Describe the first control mechanism of water output
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Decrease in the ECF causes
Decrease in the BP Inhibiting kidney filtration Stimulating ECF Volume |
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Describe the second control mechanism of water output
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Decrease in the ECF causes
Increase in ECF Osmolarity Stimulation in the hypothalamus Stimulation of the posterior pituitary, which Stimulates ADH Secretion Stimulates water reabsorption Stimulates ECF Volume |
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Describe the third control mechanism of water output
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Decrease in the ECF causes
Decrease in the BP Renin release by JGA of kidneys Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex Stimulates Aldosterone Stimulates sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption Stimulates ECF Volume |
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What are other influences of water output?
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Estrogen and Glucocorticoids
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How does estrogen influence water output?
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Greater sodium reabsorption and water retention (causing bloating during menstruation)
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How do Glucocorticoids influence water output?
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They increase the sodium reabsorption and filtration rate (GFR)
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How is sodium balanced?
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Decrease in ECF Volume causes
Lower BP Renin release by JGA of kidneys which produce Angiotensin I and turns into Angiotensin II Stimulate the adrenal cortex Stimulate aldosterone Stimulates sodium reabsorption and Water Reabsorption Increase in ECF Volume |
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How is potassium balanced?
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Excess is secreted into urine by kidney tubules
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How is calcium balanced if calcium levels drop?
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Decrease in calcium levels
Stimulates the parathyroid glands Releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which Enhances calcium reabsorption by intestines & increases calcium release from bone & increase calcium reabsorption by kidneys Stimulating blood calcium levels |
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How is calcium balanced if calcium levels rise?
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Increase in calcium levels
Stimulate the thyroid gland Releasing Calcitonin Increase calcium absorption by bone (making bones stronger) Decrease calcium levels |
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How are anions balanced? (with the exception of chloride)
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The excess are secreted by kidneys into the urine
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How is choride (an anion) balanced?
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The same way that sodium is balanced
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What buffers are related to the balance of pH?
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Bicarbonate Ion
Phosphate Protein |
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Where is Bicarbonate ion found?
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In the ECF and ICF
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What is the mechanism form Bicarbonate ion?
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Decrease in pH
(H+)+(HCO3-) H2CO3 Increase in pH |
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Where is phosphate found?
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Mostly in ICF and urine and small amounts in ECF
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What is the mechanism for phosphate?
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Decrease in pH
(H+)+(HPO4--) H2PO4- Increase in pH |
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Where is protein found?
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Mostly in cells (ICF) and plasma portion of the ECF
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What is the mechanism for protein?
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Decrease in pH
(H+)+protein- protein-H Increase in pH |
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What difference is there between buffers and respiratory system?
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The resp system acts more slowly than buffers, but it has 1-2 times the buffering capacity
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What is the mechanism for the respiratory system?
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CO2 + H2O
H2CO3 (H+)+HCO3- |
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How does the resp system balance pH when there is a decrease in pH?
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Decrease in pH
Stimulation of the respiratory center in the medulla Stimulates the rate and depth of breathing Increase pH |
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How does the resp system balance pH when there is an increase in pH?
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Increase in pH
Inhibits the respiratory center Decreases rate and depth of breathing Decreases pH |
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How do the kidneys balance pH when there is a decrease in pH
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Decrease in pH in ECF
Increase in secretion of H+ by kidney tubules into the urine Increase in ECF pH |
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How do the kidneys balance pH when there is an increase in pH
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Increase in pH in ECF
Decrease in secretion of H+ by kidney tubules Decrease in ECF pH |
