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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the three nerve plexuses found in GI tract.
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Myenteric (b/w long and circular muscularis externae)
Meisnner (sub-mucosal) Mucosal (in the mucosa) |
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Which hormone causes contraction of the gall bladder?
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CCK
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Which hormone's release is stimulated by low pH?
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Secretin (it blocks release of gastric acid)
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Insulin secretion is potentiated by...
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GIP
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This hormone is called "nature's antacid"
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Secretin
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This hormone causes parietal cells to secrete HCL
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Gastrin
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This hormone inhibits gastric emptying (also causes contraction of the gall bladder)
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CCK
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This hormone is released in response to carbohydrates.
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GIP (is causes release of Insulin)
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Acid stimulates release of _____ and inhibits release of_______.
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Secretin and Gastrin
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This hormone is under neuronal control and causes gastric and intestinal motility.
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Motilin (note: under neuronal control)
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List 4 characteristics of smooth muscle cells in GI track..
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(1) Gap junctions
(2) Myosin regulated contraction (3)Contraction frequency regulated by pacemaker cells Iterstitial cells of cajal (4)Neurotrasmitter release via varicosities (one can target many cells) |
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This neurotransmitter is vital for smooth muscle relaxation.
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VIP (also, Epi- SNS response)
Causes relxation of LES and Stomach. |
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Impact of vagotomy on stomach...
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Vagotomy takes away VIF and VEF. VIF are responsible for stomach relaxation. Hence, with vagotomy stomach becomes less distensible (it is highly contracted). Remeber, contraction is intrinsic and does not require neural input.
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Effect of increases HCL in duodenum...
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Overall--- Inhibit stomach emptying.
Inhibit Antral contractions Stimulate pyloric contractions (secretin release and vagovagal reflex) |
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This hormone is responsible for Migratory Motor Complex of Small Intestine.
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Motilin
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List the two general types of contractions in small intestine.
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Segmental (for mixing)
Peristaltic (for propulsion) |
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What is distinct about BER in small intestine versus large?
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In SI, BER decreases distally however, in Large Intestine, BER increases distally.
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Two types of contractions in LI are...
What is their frequency? |
Segemental and Mass movement.
Segemental contractions ( 12 to 60 secs) stop during mass movement (1 to 3 times/day). NOTE: During mass movements, haustrations disappear. |
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Which hormone is responsible for receptive relaxation?
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CCK
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Mass movement contractions happen in...
Migratory Motility Complex contractions happen in.. |
LI (1to3 times a day, cause disapperance of haustra)
Stomach (every 90 mins during fasting) |
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What are the two functions of Vasopressin?
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Smooth muscle (arteriolar) constriction (Via V1 receptor - Gq)
Water retention - Increases water and urea permibiality in the collecting duct (via V2 receptro - |
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How does ADH impact ACTH release?
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It increases it (there are V1 receptors on Ant Pit)
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Vasopressin....
V1 receptor functions and location |
V1 - (1) JG cells - Inhibit Renin release (2) SM contraction (3) Increase ACTH release (4) Decrease glomerular filteration rate
V2 - Collecting tubutles...increase water and urea permibiality. (water retention) |
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Which receptors are most sensitive to ADH?
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V2 (ones on collecting tubules).
Only a little ADH increase, increases water retention. |
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ADH Stimulatory factors....
ADH Inhibitory factors... |
(1) Hypoglycemia (2) Increase osmolarity (3) Decreased BV (4) Difficulty urinating (5) Pain (6) Nicotine and Opiates. (DON't PEE)
PEE causing...Water intoxicity (hypoosmolarity), Ethanoly, Hyperglycemia, ANP agonist (feels like too much blood volume) |
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Functions of Oxytocin...
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SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
(1) Increase uterine contractions (2) cause milk ejection (3) Released at orgasm, causes contractions of uterus to help propel sperm |
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contractions...
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Oxytocin (via positive feedback loop)
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List compounds inhibiting iodine uptake..
Compound that inhibits TP |
Thiocynates and Percohlates
Thioureas, Methomazole (blocks TP but doesn't impact peripheral conversion) |
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Thyroid binding protein levels are modified by..
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Estrogen - Increase it
Glucocorticoid and Androgen - Decrease it |
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Where are Thyroid alpha 1 and beta2 receptors
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Alpha1 - heart and beta2 - Pit and HT (b2 don't raise o2 consumption)
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How does cold and stress impact TSH levels?
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Cold - Increase it.
Stress - Decreases it |
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Explain thyroid feeback regulation (when I deficient)
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I deficiency will cause decreased levels to T3, T4. Hence, TSH will go up and thyroid function will incease.
RESULTS in Goiter (thyroid gland enlargement - but the pt can be hyper, hypo or euthryroid. |
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How does ACTH impact Adrenal cortex?
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Increase CHLS availability (Increase LDL-R, Denovo synthesis, SCC).
Increase Steroid synthesis (SCC, Hydroxylases) |
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How is Cortisol metabolized?
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Using 11 beta OHSteriod DHD. This is a reversible rxn.
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How is cortisol anti-inflammatory?
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(1) Blocks arachdonic synthesis
(2) COX2 inhibitor (3) Prevents neutrophil binding to LTs (4) PAF inhibitor (5) NO inhibitor Early response - Inhibits edema Intermediate - Inhibits swelling Late - Inhibits keloid and scar formation |
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How is cortisol immunosuppresive?
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Inhibits IL1 synthesis by Macrophage (no T cell stimulation - no fever)
Inhibits IL2 synthesis by T cells (no T cell proliferation) |
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How does Cortisol modify WBC?
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Raises Neutrophil levels.
Lowers Lymphocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes. |
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Explain immuno-feedback loop for cortisol.
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IL1 cause Cortisol release but Cortisol inhibits IL-1.
Existing cytokines cause cortisol release and cortisol inhibition keeps them in check. |
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Metyrapone test
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To test if aqequate ACTH is being made.
Inhibits 11beta hydroxylase. This causes...No cortisol synthesis, Increase 11deoxy-cortisol and ACTH levels. |
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Aldosterone actions and clinical outcomes
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(1) Increase Na reabsoroption (2) Increase K secretion (3) Increase H secretion
Clinically causes...hyptertension, Increase in ECF volume, Hypokalemia and Metabolic alkalosis |
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Three regulators of Aldosterone synthesis..
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(1) Renin/Angiotensin system
(2) K levels (3) ACTH |
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What is aldosterone metabolized to...
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17-keto steriod
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Which hormone controls PNMT?
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Cortisol
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Which enzyme is used to metabolize catecholamines?
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Monoamine Oxidase and Catechol-o-methyl transferase
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Where are following receptors found...
a1 a2 b1 b2 |
a1 - Post-synaptic terminals
a2 - Pre-synaptic terminals b1 - Heart b2 - Smooth muscle (liver, GI, bronchiol) B2 - Dilates B1 - Increases cardiac contractility |
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Compare EPI and NE effec on heart.
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EPI - Increase HR, Decreases TPR, Increase SBP, Decreases DBP, Cardiac output goes up
NE - Decrease HR, TPR goes up, Cardiac output drops |
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List some tissues that are not effected by Insulin
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Brain, GI tract, Renal medulla and RBC
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Insulin levels decreased by...
Insulin levels increased by.. |
SEFA - Somatostatin, Exercise, Fasting, A adrenergic (epi inhibits insulin
Glc, FFA, K, Glucagon, GIP, GLP, PSNS, Sulfonylurea drugs |
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What is the primary target organ of Glucagon?
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Liver
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Glucagon's 2nd messanger is...
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cAMP
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List some tissues that are not effected by Insulin
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Brain, GI tract, Renal medulla and RBC
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Osteocytic Osteolysis
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Stimulated by PTH
Transfer of bone salts to plasma (by osteocytes) |
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What do following glands contribute to the semen?
Prostate Seminal Vescicle |
Prostate - Fibrinolysin, Acid Phosphatase, Citrate, Bicarbonates, Clotting Enzymes
Seminal Vesicle - Fructose, PGs, Seminin, Fibrinogen |
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How does PRL impact testosterone synthesis?
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It activates it BUT very high levels inhibit testosterone synthesis.
High levels cause impotence. |
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What are the four DIRECT effects of LH surge?
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(1) Restart Meiosis in oocyte.
(2) Release PGE. (3) Terminate Estrogen synthesis and upregulate Progesterone Synthesis. (4) Differentiate follicular cells into luteal cells. |
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What is required to keep CL?
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Before pregnancy - LH
After - hCG (Estrogen and Progesterone inbibit it) |
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Roles of progesterone during pregnancy
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Main role - prevent uterine contractions (to support pregnancy)
Mammary gland development |
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Which hormones induce Oxytocin receptors?
LH, FSH receptors during cycle.. Which hormone maintains decidual tissue before placenta? |
Estrogen and Relaxin
Estrogen Progesterone |
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What is the main DIRECT stimulus for uterine contractions?
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PGE2
Release caused by Oxytocin and Estrogen. |
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What can be injected to control uterine bleeding after pregnancy?
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Oxytocin
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Why no lactation during pregnanc?
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Glands are ready but HIGH Estrogen is blocking HIGH PRL.
Parturition causes drop in Estrogen and now PRL can cause lactation. |
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List what is inhibited by following gastic hormones.
CCK Secretin GIP |
CCK - Gastring Empying
Secretin - Gastric Emptying, Mucosal growth, Gastric acid release GIP - Gastric acid release |
