Physiology Exam Ii

Front 1

Amphetamines are known to directly stimulate ____________ pathways.

Back 1

Norepinephrine

Front 2

What is the correct list of the lobes of the cerebrum?

Back 2

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula

Front 3

What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Back 3

Central Sulcus

Front 4

T/F Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.

Back 4

True

Front 5

Aphasias are most commonly associated with damage to these areas

Back 5

Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Front 6

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be

Back 6

depolarized and releasing increased amounts of NTs

Front 7

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to __________ ions than ________________ions.

Back 7

Potassium, Sodium

Front 8

_____________is a common NT used by the brain and ANS.

Back 8

Acetylcholine

Front 9

The cupula is part of the

Back 9

Semicircular canals

Front 10

An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the

Back 10

All or none law

Front 11

Impaired motor coordination is Parkinson's dz is often due to

Back 11

Degeneration of the substantia nigra

Front 12

The following is not a function of the hypothalamus

Back 12

Control of motor coordination

Front 13

The __________is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.

Back 13

Amygdala

Front 14

T/F As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are stimulated

Back 14

True

Front 15

The mechanism that allows many Na+ ions to move into the axon is

Back 15

Positive feedback

Front 16

The function of _____________ neurons is the link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses.

Back 16

Association

Front 17

Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called

Back 17

Voltage-gated channels

Front 18

This taste modality involves membrane receptor that are coupled to G-proteins.

Back 18

Umami

Front 19

Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit

Back 19

Hearing

Front 20

Type of sleep that may aid in the consolidation of memory

Back 20

nonREM

Front 21

Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to the activation of the ANS by the

Back 21

Limbic system

Front 22

The right side of the brain control motor activity on the left side because nerve tracts decussate in the

Back 22

Medulla

Front 23

Neurotransmitters

Back 23

usually regulate ion channels

Front 24

These receptors undergo slow adaptation

Back 24

Tonic

Front 25

Function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using substance P and glutamate as NTs.

Back 25

Nociceptors

Front 26

Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to

Back 26

Superior colliculi

Front 27

During an action potential

Back 27

Na+ influx causes depolarization

Front 28

Accomodation would occur when

Back 28

Muscles of the ciliary body contract

Front 29

Local anesthetics block conduction of APs in sensory neurons by

Back 29

Binding to sodium channels

Front 30

All sensory information is relayed through the thalamus, except for

Back 30

Smell

Front 31

Embryonic ectoderm will become

Back 31

Nervous system

Front 32

NT that plays a role in motor control and emotional reward

Back 32

Dopamine

Front 33

Controls fine motor movements, agility

Back 33

Cerebellum

Front 34

Occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens

Back 34

Myopia

Front 35

Ablation of the amygdala and limbic system would primarily result in

Back 35

Attenuation of aggressive behaviors

Front 36

Type of proteins present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons

Back 36

Connexons

Front 37

Clarity of vision provided by the fovea is lost in those who suffer from this

Back 37

Macular deneration

Front 38

Conduction of a AP in a myelinated axon is called

Back 38

Saltatory conduction

Front 39

Neural crest cells will become

Back 39

Peripheral nervous system ganglia

Front 40

NT release would be inhibited by

Back 40

blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal

Front 41

During this sleep stage, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur

Back 41

REM

Front 42

Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the

Back 42

Hypothalamus

Front 43

______________ inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and NE into the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain.

Back 43

Cocaine

Front 44

Most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue

Back 44

Astrocytes

Front 45

Insula is involved in

Back 45

memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses

Front 46

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Back 46

located in anterior hypothalamus
controls melatonin secretion
contains "clock cells"

Front 47

Meisner's and Pacinian corpuscles

Back 47

encapsulated nerve endings that mediate touch, pressure, vibrations

Front 48

Mechanoreceptors

Back 48

respond to deformation of the cell membrane

Front 49

Photoreceptors

Back 49

transduce light

Front 50

Chemoreceptors

Back 50

respond to chemical stimuli

Front 51

Ruffini ending and Merkel's discs

Back 51

free nerve endings important for mediating touch

Front 52

Nociceptors

Back 52

respond to intense stimuli by signaling pain

Front 53

Thermoreceptors

Back 53

respond to temperature changes

Front 54

Proprioceptors

Back 54

signal positional information of body parts

Front 55

_______ pairs of cranial nerves and _______pairs of spinal nerves

Back 55

12, 31

Front 56

Called the blind spot b/c no rods or cones are located in this area

Back 56

Optic disk

Front 57

Contains sterocilia, located deep within the cochlea

Back 57

Spiral organ or Organ of Corti

Front 58

Thyroid hormone receptors for a ____________ on their DNA half-sites

Back 58

Heterodimer

Front 59

Skeletal muscles at rest obtain most of their energy from the aerobic respiration of

Back 59

Fatty acids

Front 60

In the female menstrual cycle

Back 60

Progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.

Front 61

After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed

Back 61

Secondary spermatocytes

Front 62

The chorion frondosum develops from the ________ layer of the chorion

Back 62

Cytotrophoblast

Front 63

Cardiac action potentials usually originate in the _______ cells.

Back 63

Pacemaker cells

Front 64

Chorionic somatomammotropin

Back 64

Placental hormone which stimulates glucose sparing by maternal tissues

Front 65

A deficiency in dietary cholesterol would decrease the production of

Back 65

Estadiol (sex hormones)

Front 66

cAMP Second Msgr System activiated by

Back 66

Epinephrine binding to beta-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane

Front 67

Phase characterized by rising concentrations of estrogen

Back 67

Follicular

Front 68

Sertoli cells stimulated by _________

Back 68

FSH

Front 69

Leydig cells stimulated by__________

Back 69

LH

Front 70

Cells that secrete testosterone in males

Back 70

Leydig cells

Front 71

Mutating the calmodulin gene would alter the ability of _____________ to act as a second messenger.

Back 71

Calcium

Front 72

The light band of a skeletal muscle

Back 72

I band

Front 73

During skeletal muscle contraction, adjacent _________ are pulled closer together as the ___________ between them shorten.

Back 73

A bands, I bands

Front 74

Epinephrine can act through these two second messenger systems

Back 74

cAMP and Ca2+

Front 75

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells would result in

Back 75

Type I Diabetes

Front 76

Sperm are store and mature in

Back 76

Epididymus

Front 77

Swellings on the autonomic nerves that release neurotransmitter to smooth muscle

Back 77

Varicosities

Front 78

Process of two steroid hormones binding to their nuclear receptors at two half-sites on DNA to initiate transcription is called

Back 78

Dimerization

Front 79

Process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract

Back 79

Capacitation

Front 80

Structure composed of protein filaments and located in the center of the thick filaments

Back 80

M line

Front 81

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids results in

Back 81

Addison's dz

Front 82

Prime mover of an skeletal movement

Back 82

Agonist

Front 83

Most senior hormone precursor molecule

Back 83

Prehormone

Front 84

Blastocyst consists of

Back 84

chorion and inner cell mass

Front 85

Reserve of high energy phosphate is stored in muscle as

Back 85

phosphocreatinine

Front 86

Structure runs from Z line to Z line

Back 86

sarcomere

Front 87

Thick filament is also called

Back 87

A band

Front 88

Removal of the ________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm

Back 88

Seminal vesicles

Front 89

ATP in muscle contraction is needed for

Back 89

attachment of myosin cross bridges to actin
release of myosin cross bridges from actin
pumping of Ca2+ back into SR

Front 90

cAMP activates

Back 90

protein kinase that activates other enzymes in the cell

Front 91

Each fascicle of a muscle is surround by a

Back 91

Perimycium

Front 92

Many growth factors use ________ as a second messenger

Back 92

Tyrosine kinase

Front 93

__________filaments are attached to dense bodies in smooth muscle cells

Back 93

Actin

Front 94

Suprachiasmic nucleus stimulates pineal gland production of

Back 94

Melatonin

Front 95

Directly initiates release of Ca ions from endoplasmic reticulum

Back 95

Inositiol triphosphate (IP3)

Front 96

Myosin contains binding sites for

Back 96

ATP and actin

Front 97

Mineralcorticoids are secreted by

Back 97

zona glomerulosa

Front 98

Vascular link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Back 98

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Front 99

Hormones of the post pituitary

Back 99

ADH, oxytocin

Front 100

Horm of the hypothalamus

Back 100

GnRH, others

Front 101

Horm of the ovaries

Back 101

estrogen, progesterone

Front 102

horm of the adrenal cortex

Back 102

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

Front 103

horm of the thyroid

Back 103

T3, T4, calcitonin

Front 104

Horm of the pineal gland

Back 104

melatonin

Front 105

horm of anterio pituitary

Back 105

TSH, Prolactin, ACTH,GH, FSH, LH, MSH

Front 106

horm of adrenal medulla

Back 106

Epi/NE

Front 107

hormones of the placenta

Back 107

somatomammotropin, hCG

Front 108

Hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of other hormones

Back 108

Trophic hormones

Front 109

Cross bridge formation is controlled by VG Ca2+ channels and the _______-_______ complex, which serves to prevent binding of myosin heads to actin filaments unless the concentration of Ca2+ is greater that 1x10^-6

Back 109

troponin-tropomyosin

Front 110

Three phases of the menstrual/uterine cycle

Back 110

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

Front 111

Prostacyclin, PGI2 prevents

Back 111

platelet aggregation

Front 112

Final protein that forms a blood clot

Back 112

Fibrin

Front 113

Hypovolemic shock symptoms

Back 113

low bp, rapid pulse, cold, clammy skin

Front 114

Cardiac output would be increased by

Back 114

Positive chronotropic agents

Front 115

Cardiac control center of __________
coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart

Back 115

medulla oblongata

Front 116

First heard sound is produced when

Back 116

AV valves close

Front 117

Functions of lymphatic system

Back 117

transport of interstitial fluid
transport of absorbed fat
immunological defense

Front 118

Type of shock resulting from lipopolysaccharides

Back 118

Septic shock

Front 119

Venous return is increased by

Back 119

skeletal muscle pump
hypertension
sympathetic stim of veins

Front 120

Major plasma protein

Back 120

Albumin

Front 121

Main component of an erythrocyte

Back 121

Hemoglobin

Front 122

Capillaries with wide intercellular pores

Back 122

Fenestrated

Front 123

Cardiac output is equal to

Back 123

stroke volume x cardiac rate

Front 124

Fenestrated caps are found in

Back 124

Endocrin glands

Front 125

Ion necessary for clotting process

Back 125

Ca2+

Front 126

During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Back 126

Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure

Front 127

Steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex that stimulates salt reabsorption in the kidneys

Back 127

Aldosterone

Front 128

Last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart

Back 128

Purkinje fibers

Front 129

Enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Back 129

Thrombin

Front 130

ACE inhibitors block

Back 130

angiogensis II formation, reducing vasocontriction

Front 131

PG thromboxane A2 stimulates

Back 131

platelet aggregation

Front 132

Conducts impulses from AV node to branches to Purkinje fibers

Back 132

AV node

Front 133

Stroke volume is inversely proportional to

Back 133

Total peripheral resistance

Front 134

Blood globulins include

Back 134

alpha, beta and gamma globulins

Front 135

Lymph edema

Back 135

excessive protein and fluid in interstitial tissue

Front 136

Last Korotkoff sound is heard

Back 136

when blood pressure is equal to diastolic pressure

Front 137

Stimulates formation of platelet plug

Back 137

von Willebrand factor
ADP
thromboxane A2

Front 138

Opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary

Back 138

Starling forces

Front 139

Stroke volume

Back 139

amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per contraction

Front 140

Blood volume of average sized adult

Back 140

5 L

Front 141

HCN channels of cardiac pacemaker channels open in response to

Back 141

hyperpolarization

Front 142

Cardiogenic shock can result from

Back 142

myocardial ischemia infarction

Front 143

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Back 143

hormone released by heard, inhibits aldosteron and promotes water and salt excretion to lower blood volume

Front 144

GI tract that is very vascular and has many nerves and glands

Back 144

submucosa

Front 145

Sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is

Back 145

macula densa

Front 146

Colostrum is high in

Back 146

IgA

Front 147

Acts as a countercurrent exchanger

Back 147

Vasa recta

Front 148

Changes in blood volume are detected by

Back 148

stretch receptors in the atria

Front 149

Involves delayed hypersensitivity

Back 149

contact dermatitis

Front 150

Somatostatin is produced in stomach by

Back 150

D cells

Front 151

Cell type that can destroy cancer w/out prior stimulation by tumor antigens

Back 151

Natural Killer Ts

Front 152

Vitamin B12 absorbed in

Back 152

ileum

Front 153

Highest affinity for O2 is demonstrated by

Back 153

myoglobin

Front 154

True of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Back 154

B cells are involved
IgE antibodies are the immune effectors
antihistamines may be used to treat

Front 155

Law stating that amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

Back 155

Henry's Law

Front 156

Cells that conduct slow waves of the intestine

Back 156

Cells of Cajal

Front 157

Substance released by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells that destroys DNA of infected cell

Back 157

Granzyme

Front 158

Ability of kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in urine

Back 158

Renal clearance

Front 159

Binding of FA and its FAS ligand will trigger

Back 159

apoptosis

Front 160

Loop of Henle limb that impermeable to water

Back 160

Ascending

Front 161

Molecules present in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria (also known as PAMPs)

Back 161

Lipopolysaccharides

Front 162

Average glomerular filtration rate

Back 162

180L/day

Front 163

Renal autoregulation

Back 163

ability of kidneys to maintain a fairly constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures

Front 164

Measure of the distensibility of the lungs

Back 164

Compliance

Front 165

Primary function of larger intestine

Back 165

Water reabsorption

Front 166

Majority of CO2 is transported in the blood as

Back 166

Bicarbonate ion