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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 distinct areas of the kidneys?
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cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis
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contains 1 million renal corpuscles; filter the blood
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cortex
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Contains collecting ducts, renal pyramids, and renal papilla, minor calyx, and major calyx
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medulla
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Once the blood is filtered, the _________ is sent through the _______ and then into the collecting ducts of the medulla.
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filtrate; nephron
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The medulla consists of 8-15 ___________.
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renal pyramids
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rounded tip of the renal pyramid
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renal papilla
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The minor calyces fuse to form _________, and these fuse to form the renal pelvis.
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major calyces
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microscopic unit that modifies the blood filtrate to form urine
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nephron
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What 2 components make up the nephron?
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renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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consists of a mass of capillaries (glomerulus), surrounded by a spherical structure = Bowman's capsule
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renal corpuscle
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What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
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proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle/nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
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sit at which a portion of the DCT comes in contact with adjacent arterioles
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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What are the two components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells
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DCT cells which monitor sodium concentration
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macula densa
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release renin in response to decreased sodium
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juxtaglomerular cells
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What are the 3 types of basic exchange process?
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glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
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the filtering of the blood through the wall of the glomerular capillary into the surrounding glomerular capsule
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glomerular filtration
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The blood is brought into the glomerular capillaries through the ________
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afferent arteriole
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Once in the capillary, the difference in __________ dictates the glomerular filtration pressure.
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Starling's forces
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The volume of plasma filtered per unit time = _______________. This is equivalent to 125 ml/min = 180 L/day.
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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What are the two intrinsic controls of GFR?
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myogenic regulation and juxtaglomerular apparatus
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when the MAP rises, the afferent arteriole is stretched, and the GFR rises
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myogenic regulation
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What happens in response to myogenic regulation?
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arteriole vasoconstricts to help maintain a normal GFR
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if the volume in the DCT increase, the cells of the macula dense release chemicals to vasoconstrictor the afferent arteriole and the GFR decreases
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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in response to decreased Map due to perhaps to hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss, the sympathetic nervous system contracts efferent arterioles, this increases resistance and increases GFR
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extrinsic control
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refers to the removal of substances from the filtrate in the renal tubule and their return to the plasma of peritubular capillaries
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tubular reabsorption
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What are the 3 types of reabsorption?
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active, passive, water
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requires energy and carriers or pumps to move substances against their concentration gradient through the tubule cells.
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active reabsorption
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the movement of substances down their concentration gradient through the tubule cells
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passive reabsorption
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this is based on differences in solute concentration; as substances are reabsorbed water will move in the direction of greater solute concentration
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water reabsorption
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the movement of substances from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate
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tubular secretion
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What are the two most commonly secreted substances?
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potassium and hydrogen ions
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the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract; principal portion of it is the mucous membrane which is next to the cavity; epithelial cells can be secreting or absorptive
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mucosa
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primarily connective tissue containing the submucosal nerve plexus; controls enzyme and hormone secreting glands
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submucosa
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primarily composed of smooth muscle, which contracts in a wave-like pattern= peristalsis
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muscularis
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outermost layer; mucus-secreting to allow for organs to slide over one another = peritoneum
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serosa
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food is masticated here and saliva is added
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mouth
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Saliva contains _____________ which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates.
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salivary amylase
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throat; voluntarily propels food to the esophagus
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pharynx
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has skeletal muscle in the upper half and smooth muscle in the lower half; voluntary and involuntary movement of food to the stomach
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esophagus
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sac-like portion of the GI tract with a thick muscular wall for churning the food into chyme
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stomach
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The stomach contains ___________, which contain cells that secreted gastric juice.
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gastric glands
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Gastric Juice contains what 5 things?
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parietal cells, chief cells, neck mucous cells and surface epithelial cells, gastric lipase
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secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
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parietal cells
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secrete pepsinogen which is needed to activate pepsinogen to pepsin
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chief cells
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create the gastric mucosal barrier against self-digestion
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neck mucous cells and surface epithelial cells
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Some cells in the gastric gland also make a small amount of _________.
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gastric lipase
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Also, the gastric glands contain ______, which secrete gastrin, which is secreted into the surround tissue to stimulate the ________ & _________ when the stomach contains food.
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G-cells; parietal; chief cells
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas; cells make digestive enzymes to assist with carb and protein digestion; chemical digestion is completed here
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duodenum
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primarily concerned with the absorption of nutrients
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jejunum and ileum
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most absorption takes place here
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jejunum
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What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?
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cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
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What are the 4 parts of the colon?
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ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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What are the two parts of the anal canal?
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internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter
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Which sphincter is an involuntary ring of smooth muscle?
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internal anal sphincter
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Which sphincter is a voluntary ring of skeletal muscle?
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external anal sphincter
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
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reabsorbing water
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What are the 5 things saliva contains?
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bicarbonate, mucus, lysozyme, salivary amylase, lingual lipase
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What are the accessory glands?
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salivary, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
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What is the function of bicarbonate?
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neutralize acid
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What is the function of mucus?
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lubricate and soften food
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What is the function of lysozyme?
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bacteriocidal
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What is the function of salivary amylase?
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initiate carbohydrate chemical digestion
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What is the function of lingual lipase?
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work on small amount of fats
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What 5 things does pancreatic juice contain?
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bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipases, proteases, nucleases
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What is the function of bicarbonate in the pancreas?
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neutralize stomach acid
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What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
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assist with carbohydrate breakdown
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What is the function of pancreatic lipase's/
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break down fats
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What is the function of proteases in the pancreas?
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breakdown proteins
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What is the function of nucleases in the pancreas?
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breakdown nucleic acids
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
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store bile
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Most ingested carbs are _________ and __________.
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starch and glycogen
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What is responsible for breaking the long chains of carbs into limit dextrine?
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salivary amylase
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In the small intestine, what continues the breakdown of the limit dextrine into dissacharides?
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pancreatic amylas
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The _____________ secrete enzymes that continue breakdown.
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cells of duodenum
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can break down any remaining limit dextrine into single monosaccharides
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dextrinase and glucoamylase
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can break down dissacharides into single monosaccharides
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sucrase, lactase, and maltase
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In the jejunum, the glucose and galactose are absorbed by co-transport with _________.
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sodium
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Once inside the cells, they are released to the blood utilizing a membrane carrier. ____________ is absorbed using just membrane carriers.
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fructose
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Most enzymes are involved in the break down of proteins and are released as...
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zymogens
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Pepsin is an ___________, which means it can break peptide bonds in the interior of a protein thus making small peptides/
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endopeptidase
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The duodenum receives several zymogens from the pancreas... (3)
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trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
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The cells of the duodenum produce __________ which activates trypsinogen into trypsin.
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enterokinase
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Trypsin activates the chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into ___________ and ___________.
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chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
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Carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidases are _______, thus they can cleave off individual amino acids from the end of the peptides.
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exopeptidases
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Most of the ingested lipids are ________.
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triglyceride
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What breaks down triglycerides into two fatty acids and on monoglyceride?
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lipids
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The saliva contains ________ which begins the lipid digestion process.
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lingual lipase
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The gastric juice contains _________ which continues the lipid digestion process.
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gastric lipase
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Since lipids are _________, they aren't soluble in water/
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hydrophobic
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made by the liver cells; it is released from the gall bladder through the biliary system into the duodenum
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bile
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doesn't actual digest lipids because it doesn't contain any enzymes
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bile
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Bile contains _________ which are amphipathic molecules.
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bile salts
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The bile salts _________ the large fat globules into smaller ones. Thus more of the triglycerides are exposed to the water soluble lipases.
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emulsify
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released into the duodenum though the biliary system; break down triglycerides into 2 fatty acids and 1 monoglyceride
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pancreatic lipase
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As the large fat globules are emulsified into ________________ by the bile salts, the lipase action "frees" the 2 fatty acids and the monoglyceride. These can be absorbed by the_______________ of the jejunum and ileum.
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small fat globules; epithelial cells
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Some of the fatty acids and monoglycerides aggregate into __________ and continue down the GI tract.
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micelles
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Once inside the epithelial cells, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into triglycerides in the SER and the Golgi packages them into ___________.
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chylomicrons
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The chylomicrons are released and enter the adjacent ___________ which eventually connect to the blood stream.
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lymphatic vessels
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Finally the bile salts are absorbed into the blood stream and sent to the _____ to be reincorporated into new bile.
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liver
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What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
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andenohypophysis & neuropophysis
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What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
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GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH
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regulates mitosis and growth of body cells
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growth hormone (GH)
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controls thyroid activity
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thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
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controls activity of the adrenal cortex
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adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
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stimulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis
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follicle stimulating hormone FSH
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stimulates release of male and female sex hormones
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luteinizing hormone LH
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milk produciton
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prolactin PRL
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What are the 2 hormones produced in the hypothalamus and stored int he neurohypophysis?
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oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
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causes uterine contractions during labor and milk release during suckling; also released in male and causes spermatic ducts to contract
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oxytocin
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renal tubule inhibits urine formation
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ADH
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What two hormones does the thyroid release?
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thyroid hormone TH and calcitonin
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increases cellular activity in skeletal, reproductive and nervous systems
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thyroid hormone
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released in response to increased blood calcium elves; decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium into the bone
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calcitonin
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increases blood calcium levels by stimulated the removal of calcium from the bone
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parathyroid hormone PTH
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What are the two hormones of the pancreas secreted form the islets of Langerhans?
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beta and alpha cells
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secrete insulin in response to high levels of glucose; insulin decreases blood sugar
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beta cells
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secrete glucagon in response to low levels of glucose; glucagon increases blood sugar
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alpha cells
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The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes...
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corticosteroids
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What are the 3 types of corticosteroids?
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mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids
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regulate sodium and potassium levels
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mineralocorticoids
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increases breakdown of fats and proteins to generate blood glucose
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glucocorticoids
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sex hormones, may affect the onset of puberty, pubic and axillary hair development, and sex drive
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gonadocorticoids
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secretes epinephrine and norephinephrine, they prepare the body for flight or flight
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medulla
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What two hormones are secreted by the gonads?
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Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
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Secretes thymosin which causes the Tcells of the immune system to mature
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Thymus
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