Physiology Exam 4

Front 1

Automonic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 1

regulates organs and organ systems, and smooth muscles and glands
also provides information to the CNS

Front 2

Smooth muscle

Back 2

active on their own
ANS promotes/inhibits

Front 3

ANS has 2 neurons

Back 3

Preganglionic neuron: cell body in brain or spinal cord
Postganglionic neuron: synapses and an autonomic ganglion

Front 4

2 Divisions in ANS

Back 4

Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: feed or breed

Front 5

Sympathetic

Back 5

very fine tuned responses
very short preganglionic fibers
postganglionic very long

Front 6

Divergence

Back 6

(short) preganglionic branch to synapse with number of longer postganglionic neurons

Front 7

Adrenal Medulla

Back 7

realeases epinephrine (lots) and norepinephrine (less) in blood in response to preganglionic stimulation

Front 8

Parasympathetic

Back 8

slower
alot more specific
long preganglionic, short postganglionic

Front 9

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic PREGANGLIONIC release

Back 9

ACh

Front 10

Parasympathetic POSTGANGLIONIC also release

Back 10

ACh

Front 11

Most sympathetic POSTGANGLIONIC release

Back 11

norepinephrine, but release some ACh

Front 12

Unusual Synapses

Back 12

Varicosities

Front 13

Agonists

Back 13

drugs the promote actions of a NT

Front 14

Antagonists

Back 14

drugs the inhibit actions of a NT

Front 15

Nicotinic blocked by

Back 15

Curare

Front 16

Muscarinic blocked by

Back 16

Atropine

Front 17

Dual innervation

Back 17

supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 18

Medulla Oblongata

Back 18

most directly controls activity of ANS

Front 19

Hypothamamus

Back 19

centers for control of body temp, hunger, and thrist

Front 20

Limbic system

Back 20

responsible for visceral responses that reflect emotional states

Front 21

Endocrine Glands

Back 21

are ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream

Front 22

Neurohormones

Back 22

secreted into blood by specialiezed neurons

Front 23

Amine

Back 23

derived from tyrosine or trytophan

Front 24

Polypeptide and protein

Back 24

horomones are chains of amino acids

Front 25

Glycoproteins

Back 25

LH, FSH, TSH

Front 26

Steriods

Back 26

lipids derived from cholesterol

Front 27

Prohormones

Back 27

precursors of hormones
ex/proinsulin

Front 28

Prehormones

Back 28

precursors of prohormones
ex/preproinsulin

Front 29

hormone interaction

Back 29

2 hormones are synergistic if work together to produce an effect

Front 30

Priming effect or upregulation

Back 30

hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells

Front 31

Desensitization or downregulation

Back 31

long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone

Front 32

Thyroid Hormone Action

Back 32

T4 must be converted into T3

T3 can float directly into cells and get the job done

Front 33

cAMP

Back 33

mediates effects of many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones

Front 34

Pituitary Gland

Back 34

Acts as an endocrine gland
Posterior and Anterior lobes
controlled by hypothalamus

Front 35

Growth hormone

Back 35

promotes growth, protein synthesis and movement of amino acids

Front 36

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 36

stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3

Front 37

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Back 37

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Front 38

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 38

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production

Front 39

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 39

causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in testes

Front 40

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 40

stimulates milk production by mammary glands

Front 41

Feedback control

Back 41

short feedback loop, negative feedback, and positive feedback

Front 42

Antidiuretic hormone

Back 42

promotes H2O conservation by kidneys

Front 43

oxytocin

Back 43

stimulates contraction of uterus

Front 44

Adrenal glands

Back 44

another connection between endocrine and nervous system

Front 45

Cortisol

Back 45

inhibits glucose utilization/stimulates gluconegenesis

Front 46

aldosterone

Back 46

stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and K+

Front 47

Basil Metabolic Rate

Back 47

the way we chew up energy

Front 48

Skeletal Muscles

Back 48

attach to bon on each end by tendons

Front 49

Flexors

Back 49

decrease angle of joint

Front 50

Extensors

Back 50

increase angle of joint

Front 51

skeletal muscle structure

Back 51

highly organized
striated muscle
only contract in one direction

Front 52

Motor unit

Back 52

includes each motor neuron and all fibers it innervates

Front 53

Myofibrils

Back 53

individual protein

Front 54

Structure of myofibril

Back 54

A ban is dark contains filaments
I band is light contains thin filaments

Front 55

Myosin wants to bind to?

Back 55

actin

Front 56

in mysoin what must get burned

Back 56

ATP

Front 57

Sliding filament theory

Back 57

muscle contracts cuz thin filaments slide over and between thick filaments

Front 58

Troponin-tropomyosin system

Back 58

control of cross bridge attachment to actin

Front 59

Tropomyosin

Back 59

interfers with myosin grabbing actin

Front 60

when calcium is taken away the process

Back 60

reverses

Front 61

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 61

a calcium reservoir in muscle

Front 62

APs in T tubules cause release of Ca++ from

Back 62

cisternae

Front 63

Cardiac Muscle

Back 63

striated like skeletal but involuntary like smooth

Front 64

Smooth muscles

Back 64

has no sacromeres but has gap junctions

Front 65

Smooth muscle is very good at?

Back 65

contracting and sustaining that contraction

Front 66

cardiovascular

Back 66

heart pumps blood
blood vessels carry blood from heart to cells and back

Front 67

Cardiovascular system includes:

Back 67

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Front 68

Lymphatic system

Back 68

picks up excess fluid filtered out in capillary beds and returns it to veins

Front 69

blood consist of:

Back 69

formed elements (cells) and plasma (fluid part)

Front 70

when blood centrifuged, blood seperates:

Back 70

Formed elements on bottom and plasma on top

Front 71

adema

Back 71

decrease in proteins in blood

Front 72

3 types of plasma proteins

Back 72

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

Front 73

albumins

Back 73

create colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

Front 74

Globulins

Back 74

carry lipids or are antibodies

Front 75

Fibrinogen

Back 75

serves as clotting factor

Front 76

Serum

Back 76

fluid left when blood clots

Front 77

formed elements

Back 77

Erythrocytes (RBCs) and leukocytes (WBCs)

Front 78

leukocytes

Back 78

has nucleus
can crawl around
squeeze through capillary walls

Front 79

Granular Leukocytes

Back 79

help detoxify foreign substances and release heparin

Front 80

Agranular leukocytes

Back 80

phagocytic and produce antibodies
Include lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 81

Megakarocytes

Back 81

produce nuclear platelets

Front 82

Thrombocytes

Back 82

lack nucleus and are not true cells

Front 83

Hematopoiesis

Back 83

formation of clood cells from stem cells

Front 84

Erythropoiesis

Back 84

formation of RBCs

Front 85

Leukopoiesis

Back 85

formation of WBCs

Front 86

Hemostasis

Back 86

stop loss of blood and maintain blood pressure

Front 87

Vasoconstriction

Back 87

restricts blood flow to area

Front 88

Role of fibrin

Back 88

RBCs get caught
Clot forms structure for rebuilding of vessel

Front 89

Conversion of Fibrinogen to fibrin (2 Pathways)

Back 89

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

Front 90

Intrinsic

Back 90

Involves conversionof prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Front 91

Extrinsic

Back 91

damaged tissue can release clotting factors that triggers a clotting shortcut

Front 92

Heart has 4 chambers

Back 92

2 atria (Left and right)
2 Ventricles (Left and Right)

Front 93

Atria

Back 93

receive blood from venous system

Front 94

Ventricles

Back 94

pump blood to arteries

Front 95

Left Ventricle

Back 95

works 7x more than right

Front 96

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 96

path of blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to heart

Front 97

Systemic circulation

Back 97

path of blood from left ventricle to body and back to heart

Front 98

Atrioventricular

Back 98

Seperates Atrium and ventricle

Front 99

Tricuspid valve

Back 99

between right atrium and ventricle

Front 100

Bicuspid valve

Back 100

between left atrium and ventricle

Front 101

Semilunar Valves

Back 101

Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve

Front 102

Systole

Back 102

refers to contraction stage

Front 103

Diastole

Back 103

refers to relaxation stages

Front 104

SA node

Back 104

functions as pacemaker

Front 105

Arteries

Back 105

expand during systole and recoil during diastole

Front 106

Arteries (cont.)

Back 106

Provide most resistance and greatest drop in pressure in circulatory system

Front 107

capillaries

Back 107

provide extensive surface area for exchange
"place where buisness of the blood gets done"

Front 108

Veins

Back 108

bigger than arteries
very stretchy, weak, and thin
low BP
contain majority of blood in circulatory system

Front 109

Lymphatic system (3 functions)

Back 109

Transports interstitial fluid back to blood
Transports absorbed fat from small intestine to blood
helps provide immunological defenses against pathogens

Front 110

Lymph is carried from lymph capillaries to:

Back 110

Lymph ducts to lymph odes

Front 111

Cardiac Output (CO)

Back 111

is volume of blood pumped/min by each ventricle

Front 112

Stroke Volume (SV)

Back 112

volume of blood pumped/beat by each ventricle (mL/beat)

Front 113

Heart Rate (HR)

Back 113

the number of beats/minute

Front 114

Cardiac Rate is controlled by

Back 114

autonomic
sympathetic increase cardiac performance
Parasympathetic decrease cardiac performance

Front 115

SA node is:

Back 115

main controller for HR

Front 116

Parasympathetic releases:

Back 116

ACh

Front 117

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Back 117

increase or stimulate HR

Front 118

ACh:

Back 118

Decrease HR

Front 119

Stroke Volume (3 variables)

Back 119

End diastolic volume (EDV)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
Contractility

Front 120

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Back 120

amount of blood in a ventricle when it is relaxed

Front 121

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Back 121

amount of work the heart has to work against

Front 122

Regulation of Stroke volume

Back 122

EDV is preload
TPR is afterload

Front 123

Ejection Fraction

Back 123

SV/EDV

Front 124

Venous Return

Back 124

resvoir that resides in our veins

Front 125

Hydrostatic

Back 125

amount of squeezage

Front 126

Vasodilation

Back 126

decreases resistance, increases blood flow

Front 127

Vasoconstriction

Back 127

decrease blood flow

Front 128

Blood Pressure

Back 128

Increase or Decrease in sympathetic

Front 129

Blood Pressure (cont.)

Back 129

mainly controlled by HR, SV, and peripheral resistance

Front 130

Pulse pressure

Back 130

(systolic pressure) - (diastolic pressure)

Front 131

Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 131

represents average arterial pressure during cardiac cycle