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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is the core temperature not constant?
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Fever
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What is the range of temperatures that a nude person can be exposed to and still maintain a constant core temperature?
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55 - 130 F
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Does skin temperature remain constant?
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No, it changes with the temperature of the surroundings.
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What is the normal temperature value and how does it change if rectally measured?
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Normal: 98.6F
Rectal: Add 1F |
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How can your core temperature be elevated, not in cases of fever?
How high can this variation go to? |
Exercise
Extreme surrounding temperature 101-104 F temporarily. |
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If the body is exposed to cold, how low can body temperature fall to?
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Below 96F
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What is the main by-product of metabolism?
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Heat production
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What are all the (5) factors that can determine the Metabolic Rate of the body? (rate of heat production)
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Basal Metabolic Rate of all cells
Extra metabolism by muscle activity Extra metabolism by Thyroxine (and other hormones - GH and Testosterone) on cells. Extra metabolism by Epi and NorE and SNS Extra metabolism by increased chemical activity of cells themselves, especially with increased temperatures. |
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What are the (2) factors that can determine the rate of heat LOSS?
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How fast heat can be conducted from its production in the core (heart, liver, brain, skeletal muscle).
How fast heat can be transferred from skin to surroundings. |
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Who has better insulating properties?
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Women
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If there is a high rate of blood flow to the skin...
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More heat to the skin = increasing heat loss
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What kind of regulation is the temperature of the body controlled by?
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Negative feedback mechanisms
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How do the negative feedback mechanisms control body temperature?
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Through the Temperature-regulatory centers in the Hypothalamus.
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Where are the Temperature-regulatory centers located in the Hypothalamus?
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In the Pre-Optic and Anterior Nuclei
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What occurs when the Pre-Optic area is stimulated?
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The skin in every part of the body secretes profuse sweat and the skin blood vessels suffer intense vasodilation.
Excess heat production is inhibited. |
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Does the skin contain more heat or cold receptors?
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Cold
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What is the fate for signals that are generated from the Pre-Optic and Peripheral receptors?
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These signals will travel to the Posterior Hypophesis where they are integrated and the respiration is established.
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What is responsible for voluntary temperature adjustments?
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Behavioral Control of body temperature
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What are all the abnormalities associated with generating a fever?
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Infections
Brain: tumors, toxins affecting the temp-reg centers. Environmental Conditions |
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What are some substances that can cause the set-point of the hypothalamic temp-reg center to rise? (allowing fever to take place)
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Breakdown products of proteins (from degenerating body tissues)
Lipopolysaccharide toxins released from bacterial cell membranes. These substances are called Pyrogens. |
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What is the specific type of bacterial pyrogen that is commonly seen to increase the set-point?
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Endotoxins from gram (-) bacteria
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What is produced when the Macrophages and Leukocytes phagocytize the Pyrogens?
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They release IL-1 into body fluids.
IL-1 immediately activates processes that induce fever, mainly by inducing prostaglandin E2 to act on the hypothalamus to elicit a fever reaction. |
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How can drugs help with a fever caused by IL-1?
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Drugs block prostaglandin formation, making the fever reduced or eliminated.
These drugs are called Antipyretics (aspirin) |
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What are two results of low temperatures causing a loss of temperature regulation?
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Frostbite
Artificial Hypothermia |
