Physiology Exam 3 Lecture 6,7

Front 1

This is the pathway of air when it enter the mouth and ends in the alvioli

Back 1

epiglotis, glotis, larynx, trachea, carina, right and left broncius, bronchioles, alvioli

Front 2

part of respiration that requires moving large gas volumes through open, semi-rigid airways offering low resistance to low. here the inspired gas is warmed, humidified, and cleaned

Back 2

ventilation in conducting zone

Front 3

what are the trachea and large bronchi lines with?

Back 3

cilia and mucus secreting goblet cells

Front 4

this protects the lungs from the pressure of other organs of the body

Back 4

visceral and parietal pleura

Front 5

an invisible lung that is transparent in x-rays and probably collapsed

Back 5

pneumothorax

Front 6

this part of respiration requires matching gas exchange to blood flow through pulmonary capillaries in thin alveolar septa (walls)

Back 6

diffusion

Front 7

do healthy lungs tend to resist inflation?

Back 7

yes

Front 8

the recoil forces in the lungs

Back 8

collagen and elastin fibers in septal walls

Front 9

P = (2 x T) / r

describes surface tension at moist air-tissue interfaces of alveolar membranes

Back 9

Law of Laplace

Front 10

the pressure required to inflate or deflate lungs to a particular volume is a measure of......

Back 10

compliance

Front 11

equation for compliance

Back 11

change V/ change P

Front 12

what are diseases that reduce compliance?

Back 12

edema.. stiff lungs

Front 13

this reduces the surface tensions at the air-tissue interface of septa

- phospholipid mixture secreted by Type II epithelial cells

- make lungs more compliant and easier to expand at low lung volumes

- stored in lamellar bodies until secreted into alveoli

Back 13

pulmonary surfactant

Front 14

these are the muscles of expiration (5)

Back 14

1. internal intercostal
2. external abdominal oblique
3. internal abdomial oblique
4. transversus abdominus
5. rectus abdominus

Front 15

these are the muscles of inspiration (5)

Back 15

1. sternocleidomastroid
2. scalenes
3. external intercostal
4. parasternal intercostal
5. diaphragm

Front 16

the basic operation of a spirometer is to measure what??

Back 16

respiratory lung volumes

Front 17

the maximal volume expired after a maximal inspiration

Back 17

vital capacity

Front 18

gas remaining in the lungs after such a maximal expiration

Back 18

residual volume

Front 19

vital capacity + residual volume =

Back 19

total lung capacity

Front 20

normal breath stops at....

Back 20

functional residual capacity

Front 21

what is the pressure in the interpleural space (Pip) at functional residual capacity? ( the normal pause position between breaths in a resting subject)

AT REST

Back 21

-4 mm Hg vs. atmospheric pressure

Front 22

this covers the outer lung surfaces

Back 22

visceral pleura

Front 23

this covers the inner walls of the chest cavity

Back 23

parietal pleura

Front 24

narrow gap between visceral and parietal pleura

Back 24

intrapleural space

Front 25

intrapleural pressure becomes more (positive or negative) as the lungs are stretched open to breathe in the tidal volume

Back 25

negative

Front 26

intrapulmonary (intra-airway) pressure must also be (positive or negative) for air to enter the lungs during inspiration

Back 26

negative

Front 27

in order for air to leave the lungs, should Pip become more or less negative?

Back 27

less negative

Front 28

in order for air to leave the lungs, should intrapulmonary pressure become more or less negative?

Back 28

less negative

Front 29

what is the intrapulmonary pressure during...

a) inspiration
b) expiration

Back 29

a) -3
b) +3

Front 30

what is the intrapleural pressure during...

a) inspiration
b) expiration

Back 30

a) -6
b) -3

Front 31

what is the transpulmonary pressure during...

a) inspiration
b) expiration

Back 31

a) +3
b) +6

Front 32

healthy subjects should be able to forcefully expire their entire vital capacity in 3-5 seconds, achieving what percentage in the first second?

Back 32

80%

Front 33

persons with airway obstruction will expire how much of their vital capacity in the 1st second?

Back 33

62.5%

Front 34

lung ventilation and lung blood perfusion are higher in the ______ of the upright lung rather than the _____

Back 34

based, apex

Front 35

during acclimization to high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen ______ due to decreased total atmospheric pressure

Back 35

decrease

Front 36

during acclimization to high altitude, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ______ due to hyperventilation in response to low arterial PO2

Back 36

decreased

Front 37

during acclimization to high altitude, the percent of oxyhemoglobin saturation ______ due to lower PO2 in pulmonary capillaries

Back 37

decreased

Front 38

during acclimization to high altitude, ventilation ______ due to lower PO2

Back 38

increases

Front 39

during acclimization to high altitudes, total hemoglobin _____ due to stimulation by erythropoletein; raises oxygen capacity of blood to partiallyor completely compensate for the reduced partial pressure

Back 39

increase

Front 40

during acclimization to high altitudes, total oxyhemoglobin affinity _____ due to increased DPG within the red blood cells; results in a higher percent unloading of oxygen to the tissues

Back 40

decrease