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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neurohormone
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a hormone released from secretory neurons, not an endocrine gland
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neurohumor
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a local acting hormone like ACh which is released by nerve endings in impulse transmission
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endocrine hormone
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a hormone which acts at a distant site, travels through blood
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paracrine hormone
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acts by diffusion into nearby cells
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autocrine hormone
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acts on the cell which released it
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juxtacrine hormone
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fast acting, acts on adjacent cells, may be considered type of paracrine action
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amino acid hormones
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synthesized from amino acids; Prolactin, Insulin, GH; act on receptors on target cell surface
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Steroid Hormone
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synth. from cholesterol; Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol; act by direct gene activation
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Lipid Hormones
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synth. from arachidonic acid, Eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins)
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Eicosanoids
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class of lipid hormones which are constantly being released and circulating in the body; leukotrienes, prostaglandins
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leukotrienes
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induce an inflammatory and allergic response, an lipid-based Eicosanoid
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prostaglandins
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increase blood pressure, cause smooth muscle contraction, a lipid-based eicosanoid
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direct gene activation
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hormone response action in which receptor is in the nucleus of the target cell, especially for Steroid Hormones. NO RECEPTORS = NO RESPONSE
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ion-channel-linked binding
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Simplest type of 3 TYPES OF SURFACE RECEPTORS in which a change in [ion] leads to a reversible response
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G-Protein-Linked binding
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one of three types of surface receptors in which a hormone activates a G-Protein which activates an ion channel or Secondary Messenger
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Enzyme-Linked binding
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one of three types of surface receptors in which a hormone converts and activates an active catalytic site on a protein to produce a 2o messenger (Tyrosine Kinase)
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Explain:
PIP2--> IP3 + DG |
membrane protein PIP3 breaks down into diacylglycerol and IP3 which leads to the release of Ca++, a secondary messenger
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DG
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diacylglycerol, from the decomposition of PIP2, activates the protein kinase-c (kinases phosphorylate, make/break ATP)
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cAMP 2o messenger system
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Cascade of Events
hormone->receptor->G-protein activated (GDP->GTP)->adenyl cyclase activated->(ATP->cAMP)cAMP is 2o messenger->activates kinase-A->ends when phosphodiesterase breaks cAMP |
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Tyrosine kinase
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enzyme-linked receptor for insulin, receptor is phosphorylated and has enzymatic properties
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HRE
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hormone response element, where a steroid hormone attaches to DNA
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hypophysis
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pituitary gland
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adenohypophysis
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anterior pituitary, glandular, makes own hormones, connected to hypothalamus via hypophyseal portal system
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Hypophyseal portal system
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connects anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus
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neurohypophysis
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posterior pituitary, stores hypothalamic hormones, connected by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, stores ADH and Oxytocin
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posterior pituitary
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storage of ADH and Oxytocin, neurohypophysis, direct connection to brain, doesn't make own hormones
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hypophyseal portal system (components of)
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primary capillary plexus in infundibulum->venule->secondary capillary plexus in adenohypophysis
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trophic hormones
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hormones which regulate secretion by other glands; TSH, ACTH,FSH,LH,generally secreted by anterior pituitary
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ex. lactotroph
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prolactin
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ex. somatotroph
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GH
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ex. Thyrotroph
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TSH
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ex. Gonadotroph
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FSH, LH
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones (6)
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FSH, LH, GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin
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Intermediate pituitary lobe
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in lower species, where the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis come together, produces MSH and (beta endorphins)
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MSH
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melanocyte stimulating hormone; stim.s release of melanin from melanocytes for camouflage in lower animals; MSH sequence is imbedded in ACTH in higher animals, Addison's Disease (blotchy skin)
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GH
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Growth Hormone; episodically secreted (spikes); age, sex, and rhythm dependent
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Growth Hormone- functions
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Increases protein deposition and aa uptake in cells; conserves glucose (fat usage); Growth promoting effects mediated by IGFs; glycogen breakdown in liver (Blood Glucose^)
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GHRH
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Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone; stimulates release of GH
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GHIH
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
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IGFs
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Insulin-Like Growth Factors; somatomedins, produced by liver and muscles
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GH- defects
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Gigantism (increased production before epiphyseal plates close; Acromegaly (over production after plates close), soft tissue deformities, Neanderthal-like; dwarfism, if too little in children
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Prolactin
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no releasing factor; stim.s milk production, broodiness and migration in birds
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PIH
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Prolactin Inhibitory Factor = Dopamine
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Oxytocin
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from paraventricular nucleus of Posterior Pituitary; 'cuddle hormone', smooth muscle contraction; Synthetic Form = Pitocin, induced labor
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ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone; from Posterior Pituitary, supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus; regulated by [] gradient of plasma; DECREASES Urine prod. by INCREASING renal water absorption; also VASOCONSTRICTION; hyposecretion= diabetes insipidus
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ADH- defects
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Diabetes Insipidus; too little ADH; tasteless urine, high water content
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ACTH
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Adenocorticotropic Hormone, holds MSH within its structure; increases in cases of Addison's Disease (blotching of skin)
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Thyroid Gland
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bilobed, above trachea; fluid follicles surrounded by follicular cells (produce thyroglobulin), also parafollicular cells (release Calcitonin); HORMONES- T4 (Thyroxine), T3 (Triiodothyronine), Calcitonin
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T4
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Thyroxine, gets converted into --> T3 when tissues deiodinate the compound
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T3
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Triiodothyronine; increases BMR, increases # of Adrenergic receptors, needed for skel. and NS development
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TRH
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Thyroid Restricting(?) Hormone; released by pregnancy, cold, acts like TSH by negative feedback system
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Thyroid- Defects
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Hypothyroidism (myxedema, cretinism), low MR, chills, dry skin, lethargy, goiter from lack of iodine; Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease), high MR, edgy, bug-eyed (exophthalmos), weight loss
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Calcitonin
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from parafollicular cells in thyroid; blood Ca++ DECREASES, inhibition of osteoclasts, puts blood-->bone
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parathyroid glands
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posterior to thyroid glands; parathyroid hormones
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parathyroid hormone
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INCREASES plasma [Ca++], OPPOSITE of Calcitonin; affects intestine (Vitamin D, intestine takes Ca from blood), affects kidney (Ca reabsorption by kidneys, activates Vit. D)
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Adrenal Glands
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outer cortex and inner medulla, above kidneys; mineral corticoids(aldosterone), glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids (Testosterone)
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Adrenal Cortex
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main portion of adrenal glands; 3 Zones- glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoids), reticularis (gonadocorticoids)
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Zona glomerulosa
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produces mineralcorticoids; i.e. aldosterone (opposite of ANP, BP^, kidneys absorb Na+)
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Zona Fasciculata
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zone of adrenal gland, produces glucocorticoids
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zona reticularis
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zone of adrenal gland, produces gonadocorticoids (testosterone)
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mineralcorticoids
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from glomerulosa, regulate Na and K+ levels; aldosterone, kidneys absorb Na to increase BP,BV
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glucocorticoids
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from fasciculata; cortisol (stress reduction), cortisone, corticosterone; General Adaptation Syndrome (alarm->readjustment->exhaustion)
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glucocorticoids- targets of
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stimulate liver, inhibit amino acids for glucose availabilty, lipolysis, promote hyperglycemia
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gonadocorticoids
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testosterone, exact overall function unknown
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glucocorticoids- defects
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Hyperadrenalism (Cushing's), extreme catabolism of proteins, high cortisol; Hypoadrenalism (Addison's disease), too little cortisol, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration
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Adrenal Medulla
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lower section of adrenal gland(s), sympathetic NS, chromafin capillary cells, NE and E, BP^, HR^
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Pancreas
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exocrine (GIT enzymes) and endocrine; Islets of Langerhans- alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), gamma cells (somatostatin)
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glucagon
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increases blood glucose, in alpha cells of pancreas, target is liver, stim.d by BG levels
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Insulin
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lowers blood sugar, opposite of glucagon, from beta cells of pancreas; stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle cells, Inhibits breakdown of glycogen and glucose production; hyposecretion= diabetes mellitus
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diabetes insipidus
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too little ADH, intense thirst, excess water in urine due to decreased water absorption by kidneys
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diabetes mellitus
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hyposecretion of insulin, excess of sugar in urine, cells starved for glucose, high breath rate, blood fatty acid levels rise; polyuria (^urination), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (^food intake); types I (insulin dependent, juvenile) and II (non-insulin dependent, adult)
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Type II Diabetes
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non-insulin dependent, excess of body fat secretions inhibit insulin, increases with age
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Pineal Gland
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receives input from eyes, light sensing; releases melatonin, affect on seasonal and daily sleep cycles
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Endocrine Functions of the Heart
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ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide (BV and BP decrease, Na+ excreted into urine from kidneys), opposite of Aldosterone
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Endocrine functions of the kidneys
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secrete Erythropoietin, stim.s production of red blood cells
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Endocrine function of the skin
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secretes Cholecalciferol, inactive form of Vitamin D
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