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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Platelets (Thrombocytes) do what? (2)
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aid in blood clotting, secrete growth factors (autocrine regulators)
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How does blood clotting work?
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by releasing serotonin which stimulates constriction of the blood vessels, reducing the blood to the injured area
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What is hematopoiesis?
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formation of blood cells
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Where does hematopoiesis originate?
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in yolk sac of the human embryo then migrates to the liver of the fetus, then migrate to bone marrow
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Erythropoiesis refers to the formation of what?
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erthrocytes (RBC)
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Leukopoiesis refers to the formation of what?
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leukocytes (WBC)
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Hematopoiesis occurs in two classes of tissues after birth, what are they?
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myeloid and lymphoid
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What is myeloid tissue?
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the red bone marrow of the long bones, sternum, pelvis, bodies of the vertebrae.
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What is lymphoid tissue?
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includes the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus
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What kind of blood cells does the bone marrow make?
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All kinds.
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Where do blood cells originate from?
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bone marrow
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What cell type do blood cells originate from?
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blood stem cell
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Lymphoid stem cells give rise to...
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lymphocytes
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Myeloid stem cells give rise to...
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all other blood cells
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What are committed cells?
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lymphocytes which, after contact with antigen, is obligated to follow an individual course of development leading to antibody synthesis or immunological memory; proerythroblasts
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In the genesis of erythocytes, erythrocytes remain in the reticulocyte stage for how long?
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1-2 days in circulation
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The production of red blood cells and synthesis of hemoglobin depends on what?
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the supply of iron, Vitamin B12, folic acid
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Disorders of erythrocyte formation include...
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-iron-deficiency anemia
-pernicious anemia (inadequate amount of Vitamin B12) -Aplastic anemia (due to the destruction of the bone marrow, may be caused by chemical or by radiation) |
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Granulocytes form from what?
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myeloblasts
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Formation of Leukocytes: Monoblasts ______ and form______.
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enlarge; monocytes
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Formation of Leukocytes: Platelet forming cells form
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megakaryoblasts; then break apart into platelets
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is Polycythemia?
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abnormal excess of erythrocytes
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is anemia?
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erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is Normocytic anemia?
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blood loss
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is microcytic anemia?
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iron deficiency
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is macrocytic anemia?
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Vitamin B12 or Folate deficiency
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Disorders of erythrocytes: What is sickle-cell anemia?
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inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule, erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape
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Disorders of leukocytes: What is leukemia?
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a form of cancer; classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic
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Disorders of platelets: What is thrombocytopenia?
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abnomally low concentration of platelets
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What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?
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tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
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What is tunica intima?
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layer of the blood vessel composed of simple squamous epithelium
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What is tunica media?
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layer of the blood vessel - sheets of smooth muscle
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What is tunica externa?
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layer of the blood vessel composed of connective tissue
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What is a lumen?
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central blood-filled space of a vessel
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How many types of blood vessels are there?
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3
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What are the types of blood vessels?
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Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
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Arteries...
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carry blood AWAY from the heart
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Capillaries...
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are the smallest blood vessels in the body and the site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid
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Veins...
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carry blood TOWARD the heart.
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How many types of arteries are there?
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3
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Elastic arteries are...
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the largest arteries, have high elastin; diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm (aorta and its major branches); also called conducting arteries
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Arterioles are...
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the smallest arteries
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What do veins do?
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conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart
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Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries. True or False.
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True
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What are venules?
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smallest veins; diameters from 8-100um
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What are postcapillary venules?
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smallest venules; venules join to form veins
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Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins. True or False.
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True
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Veins, particularly in the limbs, have valves. True or False.
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True
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What are sinusoids?
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wide, leaky capillaries found in spleen, liver
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What is a capillary bed?
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network of capillaries running through tissues
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Example of low permeability capillaries.
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blood-brain barrier; highly selective, only vital substances pass through; NOT a barrier against O2, CO2, and some anesthetics
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Name the 4 chambers of the heart.
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Right Artria, Right Ventricle, Left Artria, Left Ventricle
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What is the largest and strongest chamber in the heart?
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Left Ventricle
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What separates the artia from the ventricles?
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Septum
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What are the 4 heart valves? List them in the correct order.
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Tricuspid
Pulmonary Mitral Aortic |
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What's the largest artery?
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Aorta
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The mitral valve regulates the blood flow from the right atria to the right ventricle. True or False?
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False
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What is the pulmonary circulation system?
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oxygen depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs, and returns to the heart with oxygen rich blood.
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What is systemic circulation?
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oxygen rich blood leaving the heart to the rest of the body and returns to the heart oxygen depleted; opposite of pulmonary circulation.
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List the characteristics of the arteries.
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-delilver oxygenated blood to the tissues;
-are thick walled, with extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle -under high pressure -the blood volume contained in the arteries is called the stress volume |
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List the characteristics of the arterioles.
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- smallest branch of the arteries
-site of high resistence in the cardiovascular system - have a smooth muscle wall that is extensively innervated by autonomic nerve fibers - arterioler resistence is regulated by the ANS - Alpha1-Andrenergic receptors - Beta2-Andrenergic receptors |
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Where is the site of the highest resistence in the circulatory system?
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arterioles
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Where is Alpha1-Andrenergic receptors found?
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on arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations
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Where are Beta2-Andrenergic receptors found?
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on arterioles of the skeletal muscles
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Where is the site of exchange of nutrients, gasses and water?
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capillaries
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What are venules formed from?
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merged capillaries
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What are the characteristics of veins?
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-returns blood to the heart
- thin-walled - low pressure - contains highest proportion of the blood in the circulatory system - blood volume contained in the veins is unstressed volume - have alpha1-andrenergic receptor |
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Where do you see the largest decrease in pressure?
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across the arterioles
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Where is the pressure highest?
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aorta and large arteries
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Where is the pressure lowest?
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vena cavae
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What is the mean pressure in the systemic circulation for the aorta?
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100 mm Hg
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What is the mean pressure in the systemic circulation for the arterioles?
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50 mm Hg
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What is the mean pressure in the systemic circulation for the capillaries?
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20 mm Hg
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What is the mean pressure in the systemic circulation for the vena cava?
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4 mm Hg
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What has the highest and lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle?
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highest - systolic
lowest - diastolic |
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What happens when the heart contracts (systole)?
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blood is ejected into the arterial system
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What happens when the heart relaxes (diastolic)?
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blood returns to the heart via the veins
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What is the most important determinant in pulse pressure?
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stroke volume
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Venous Pressure is really high. True or False?
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False. It's low.
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Veins have high capacitance, and therefore can hold large volumes of blood at low pressure. True or False?
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True
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Arterial pressure is higher than venous pressure. True or False?
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False. Arterial pressure is even lower than venous pressure.
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The measured pulmonary capillary pressure is approximately equal to the left arterial pressure. True or False?
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True
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What represents arterial depolarization?
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P wave
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What is the normal duration range for the P-R interval?
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0.12 to 0.20 seconds;
anything more than .2 means theres an AV conduction block |
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What does the QRS complex represent?
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ventricular depolarization
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What does it mean when the QRS complex is longer than 0.1 sec?
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it means conduction is impaired within the ventricles.
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What are abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart that display automaticity?
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Ectopic foci
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What does the ST segment represent?
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period when the ventricles are completely depolarized.
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The ST segment is important in the diagnosis of what?
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ventricular ischemia or hypoxia because under those conditions, the ST segment can become either depressed or elevated
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What does the T wave represent?
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represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization
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What does the U-wave represent?
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the last remnants of ventricular repolarization
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What does the QT interval represent?
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the time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization to occur, and therefore roughly estimates the duration of an average ventricular action potential
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Prolonged Q-T intervals can be diagnostic for susceptibility to certain types of what?
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tachyarrhythmias
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What is tachyarrhythmias?
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represents the entire period of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
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