Physiology Exam 3

Front 1

anhydrobiotic

Back 1

A dormant state induced by drought in which an organism becomes almost completely dehydrated and reduces its metabolic activity to an imperceptible level, occurring in small invertebrates such as tardigrades and in some plant seeds.

Front 2

bulk water

Back 2

idk

Front 3

bound water

Back 3

idk

Front 4

hemolymph

Back 4

The circulatory fluid of arthropods and some mollusks, analogous to blood and lymph in vertebrates

Front 5

open circulatory system

Back 5

(evolved in crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.

Front 6

closed circulatory system

Back 6

1.

Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system. Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.

Front 7

osmolar concentration

Back 7

1.

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L)

Front 8

dissociation coefficient

Back 8

1.

a quantity expressing the extent to which a particular substance in solution is dissociated into ions, equal to the product of the concentrations of the respective ions divided by the concentration of the undissociated molecule.

Front 9

vicinal water

Back 9

layers of water molecules held tightly to the particle surface by hydrogen bonding

Front 10

osmoregulate

Back 10

the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated.

Front 11

osmoconformers

Back 11

marine animals which, in contrast to osmoregulators, maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids such that it is always equal to the surrounding seawater.These animals decrease the net flux of water into or out of their bodies from diffusion.

Front 12

stenohaline

Back 12

(of an aquatic organism) able to tolerate only a narrow range of salinity

Front 13

euryhaline

Back 13

(of an aquatic organism) able to tolerate a wide range of salinity

Front 14

compatible solutes

Back 14

small molecules that act as osmolytes and help organisms survive extreme osmotic stress. In plants, their accumulation can increase survival under stress e.g drought. Examples of compatible solutes include betaines, amino acids, and the sugar trehalose.

- little affect on macromolecular function
- Ex. Polyols (glycerol, glucose) and uncharged amino acids

Front 15

osmolytes

Back 15

compounds affecting osmosis. They are soluble in the solution within a cell, or in the surrounding fluid (such as plasma). They play a role in maintaining cell volume and fluid balance.

Front 16

perturbing solutes

Back 16

- disrupts macromolecular function
- ions like salt, sulfates, potassiums, charged amino acids
- can change 3D structure of macromolecules like proteins and lipids
- Ex. Urea can cause enzymes to misfold and degrade
- Ions can only make these effects in high conc.
*Disrupt the lipi bilayer and disrupt conc. gradients

Front 17

counteracting solutes

Back 17

- disrupts function on its own
- counteracts disruptive effects of other solutes when employed in combination
* When alone it disrupts macromolecules, but when around perturbing solutes it disrupts them instead and helps the cell rather than hurt it

EX: TMAO