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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
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Transportation-oxygen, nutrition, waste
Reguation-hormonal, temperature Protection- clotting, immune. |
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What are the two subdivisons of the circulatory system?
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Cardiovascular and Lympthatic
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Arteries
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Carry blood AWAY from the heart
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Veins
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Carry blood to the heart
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Arterioles
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The smallest arteries
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Capillaries
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Where the arteries and veins intersect. Smallest and most numerous blood vessels
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Formed elements of blood
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Hematocrit, accounts for about 45% of the blood, contains platelets, WBC, and RBC
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Plasma proteins
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Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens
Albumin= most of proteins in plasma, produced by the liver, provide osmotic pressure which draws water from surrounding tissues. Globulins=groups into three groups (alpha, beta, and gamma) alpha and beta transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, gamma are antibodies. Fibrinogens=clotting factor. |
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Erythrocytes.
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RBC, flattened biconcave discs, no DNA or Mito
Each contains hemoglobin molecules |
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Transferrin.
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Protein carrier that iron travels in the blood to the bone marrow attached to.
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Leukocytes
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WBC, contains DNA and mito
Granular and agranular leukos |
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Granular Leukocytes
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Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils (immature neutros are called band cells)
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Agranular Leukocytes
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Lympocytes and monocytes
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Diapedesis or extravasation
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The process of WBC going through capillary walls
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Platlets
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Thrombocytes
Fragments of large cells Most important role is blood clotting Also secrete growth factors x |
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Hematopoiesis
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The formation of blood
Stem cells=give rise to blood cells, originate in the yolk sac of an embryo and migrate to the liver |
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Myeloid tissue
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The red bone marrow of the long bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis, and skull.
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Lymphoid tissues
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Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.
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Cytokines
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The production of different types of leukocytes is stimulated by this chemical
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Antigens
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Molecules on the surface of all cells that can be recognized as forgien by the immune system
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Blood typing
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If blood contains only A antigens=blood type A
If blood contains both A and B=AB If blood contains neither=O |
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Type O
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Universal donor
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Type AB
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universal recipient
Lack anti a and anti b |
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Rh factor
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If the Rh antigen is present =Rh Positive
If the Rh antigen is not there=Rh Negative |
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Hemostasis
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Cessation of bleeding
Breaking the endothelial lining exposes collagen proteins which promotes-vasoconstriction, formation of the platelet plug, and production of the web fibrin protein. |
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Fribrin
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Insoluble protein fibers that strengthen the platelet plug
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Blood clots contain…
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Fibrin and platelets, sometimes RBC get stuck in it.
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Two pathways that produce clotting
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Intrinsic-occurs naturally, just sitting in a test tube
Extrinsic-when tissue is broken, chemical initiates clotting. |
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Plasmin
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Enzyme that digests fibrin, promotes dissolution of clots.
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What makes the lub-dub sound of the heart
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1st-the closing of the AV valve during the contraction of the ventricles
2nd-clsoing of the semilunar valves, ventricles relax-beginning of diastole |
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Murmurs
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Abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal blood flow.
Valves don’t close correctly, leaky, or valves becomes thickened. |
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SA node
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Pacemaker-spontaneous depolarization
Conducted in the atria, transmitted to the ventricles. |
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PQRST waves
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P=atria depolarization
QRS-ventricle depolarization T=Repolarization of the ventricles/ |
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What are the three layers of veins and arteries?
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Tunica externa-connective tissue
Tunica media-smooth muscle Tunica interna-endothelium, basement membrane, and elastin |
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Main differences between veins and arteries structures?
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Arteries have more muscle, appear more rounded when veins look partially collapsed.
Veins have valves-arteries do not. |
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What are the three different types of capillaries?
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Continuous-cells are closely joined together-muscles, lungs, CNS, contributes to the blood brain barrier
Fenestrated- wide intercellular pores, restricts the passing of come molecules-kidneys, endocrine, intestines. Discontinuous- bone marrow, liver, spleen, large distance between cells, creates a cavity in organ. |
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Sclera
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The outermost part of the eye, tough connective tissue continuous with the cornea
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Cornea
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Light passes through and enters the anterior chamber
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What is the pigmented part of the eye called?
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Iris
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Ciliary body
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Muscular process that suspended the lens. Connects the sclera to and encircles the lens
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Suspensory ligament
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Supports the lens by suspending the lens from the cililary body
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Retina
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Transmits impulses and has photoreceptors
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Myopia
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Nearsightedness
Eyeball is too long, corrected with a concave lens |
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Hyperopia
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Farsightedness
Corrected with a convex lens, eyeball is too short |
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Astigmatism
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The different rays do not focus, fixed with uneven lenses.
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Rods
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Provide black and white vision
Low light intensity |
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Cones
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Sharp color when light intensity is greater
Blue=s cones Green=m cones Red=l cones |
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Insertion of the muscle
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The move moveable bony attachment of the muscle
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Origin of the muscle
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The less movable attachment of the muscle
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The prime mover of any skeletal movement is called….
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Agonist muscle
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Antagonistic muscles
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Flexor and extensor that act on the same joint to produce opposite actions
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A Bands
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The dark bands of the muscle fibers
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I bands
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The light bands of the muscle fibers
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Z lines
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Dark lines in the middle of the I bands.
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Myofilaments
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The smaller structures in the myofibrils
Contains thick filaments-A bands(composed of the protein myosin) and thin filaments-I bands(composed of the protein actin) |
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Sarcomere
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The area from Z to Z
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P Wave
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The atria contracts, forcing blood through the AV valve into the ventricles
AV node is depolarized |
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QRS wave
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AV node conveys AP to the ventricles through the purkinje fibers
ventricles contract and push blood through semilunar valves into the pulmonary arteries and aorta atria repolarizes |
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T wave
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ventricles repolarize
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Sysytole
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Contraction and increased BP
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Diastole
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relaxation and decreased BP
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Bradycardia
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slow heart rate
ess then 60bpm trained athelte-more RBC, efficient breathing, parasymp inhibition |
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate-above 100
sympathetic response exercise, fight or fight |
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Arrhythmia
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abnormla tachycardia-
can be form drugs that stimulate symp |
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fibrillation
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uncordinated contraction of the heart
usually causes palpitations atrial-heart is still 80% efficient ventricular-kills in minutes, treat with electrical defibrillator |
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Heart attack
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myocardial infarction-death of heart tissue from blockage of vessels
1-critical level of blockage 2-heart attack #1=death of tissue 3-Body increases # of sympathetic neurons to heart 4-Heart attack #2=symp nervous stimulation 5-Ventricular tachycardia to fib 6-cardiac arrest-no pulse 7-asystole-flatline |
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varicose veins
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valve failure
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How does blood move through the veins
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lower blood pressure, one way valves, skeltal muscle pump
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blood pressure equation
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cardiac output must be ess than pressure/resistance
cardiac output=stock volume X rate |
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Atherosclerosis
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the buildup of fats in the arteries
ration of HDL to LDL ismore critical than fat in the blood -exercise, diet, genetics, sex |
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LDL
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low density lipoprtein
transports fats to body form the liver |
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HDL
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high density llipoprotain
fats from body to liver |
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what are the treatments for atherosclerosis?
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Angioplasty
stent carotid enderterectomy coronary bypass surgery |
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vestibular apparatus
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membranous labyrinth
filled with fluid (endolymph) three cannals, sense movement of fluid and respond-allows mind to adjust |
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What types of hair cells are in the ear?
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epithelia
-polarized, line the tissues -sterocilia(the little one that stick up) -kinocilium_the one with the bulb on it |
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stimulation and inhibition of the hair cells
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stimulation=membrane depressed, mores towards the bulb
inhibition=moves away from the bulb |
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what are the two otolith organs?
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utricle-horizontal accelert
saccule-vertical acceleration |
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what are the semicircular canals
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sit at 90 degress planes
balance and equilibrium |
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cupula
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the hairs that feel the liquid going thru the ear when your head moves
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what are the three loops of the cochlea?
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scale vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
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pitch
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frequecy of the sound
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amplitude
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loudness of the sound
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what are the two types of hearing impairments
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conduction deafness-inability to conduct sound waves
sensorineural deafness-inability to conduct neural impulses |
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what are the four main types of sensory nerve endings?
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mechanorecptors-touch/pressure
thermoreceptors-heat/cold photorecptors-rods and cones/light chemoreceptors-taste and smell |
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Tonic receptors v phasic
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phasic-can be desensitized, fast adapting (touch/pressure
tonic-can not be desentized, slow adapting (heat/cold/pain) |
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Modified dendrites
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little bulbs, closest to the skin
sustained touch-phasic -some are deeper down, respond to deeper pressure |
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encapsulated dendrites
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texture-outter cutaneous region
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free dendrites
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light, temp, touch,
hair folicles, respond to sensory apparatus |
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taste
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salty-NA+ enters into the taste cells,changes membrane potential and sends AP
Sour-H+enters into the taste cells,changes membrane potential and sends AP sweet-suagar, organics-due to protein receptors bitter-varied umami-"savory" msg-due to fatty acids |
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Aspartame
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equal, nutrasweet
biproducts=phenelamine, methanol, formaldehyde dont need a lot for taste |
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Sacchrine
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sweetnlow
mettalic aftertaste, isnt digested |
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sucralose
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splenda
not absorbed or metabolized |
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concentric
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force is greater than resistance
muscle shortens (isotonic-when force is same throughout movement |
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isometric
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force is not great enough to resist
muscle doenst change lenght |
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eccentric
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resistance streaghtens muscle
most stressful, damage to fibers =soreness muscle lengthens despite contraction ex-letting the weight back down |
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smooth muscle-
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no action potential
graduated levels of contractions -long susutained contractions no sarcomeres/z lines |
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skeletal v. cardiac
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both striated and multinucleated
cardiac-shorter, branched gap junctions-relay eectrical impulses contract as a unit |
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sa node polarization map
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1-Na comes in at -40
2-ca channels open 3-K channels open 4-ca close 5-na open spontaneously again, just keeps going |
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increase BP on EKG?
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systole-r-t
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decreased BP on EKG?
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diastole t->Q
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what is the circulation of blood starting with the vena cava?
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vena cave, rt atrium, tricuspid valve, rt ventricle, pulmonary arterie, lungs, pulmonary veins, lt atrium, bicuspid vavle, lt ventricle, aorta, body
right side pumps to lungs left side pumps to whole body |
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what two nerves come off of the vestibular apparatus?
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vestibular nerve-straight to the brain
auditory both come together to create the vestibular cochlear nerve which go to the medulla |
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periosteum
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connects bone to muscle, becomes the tendon
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what are the connective tissues of the muscle?
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epimysium-outter, whole muscle
perimysium-sublining |
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fasicle
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muscle fiber
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