Physiology-Exam 2

Front 1

What are the communication systems that regulate the functions of internal organs of the human body?

Back 1

Endocrine and Nervous System

Front 2

What are the three components of the reflex arcs?

Back 2

stretch receptors, motor neurons, effector muscles

Front 3

Draw the reflex arc pathway

Back 3

stimulus-receptor-affector-integrating center-efferent-effector-response

Front 4

_________is a chemical produced in one area of the body which is then transported by blood and acts in a regulatory capacity at another area of the body.

Back 4

hormone

Front 5

_________mimics responses of the original chemical messenger.

Back 5

agonist

Front 6

________blocks original chemical messenger from triggering the response.

Back 6

antagonist

Front 7

______appears when a peptide hormone binds to a cell membrane.

Back 7

secondary messenger in the cytoplasm

Front 8

Where is oxytocin and ADH synthesized?

Back 8

in the nuclei of neuronal cells in the hypothalamus.

Front 9

What is the precursor of thyroxine?

Back 9

Tyrosine

Front 10

Which is more potent, T3 or T4?

Back 10

T4

Front 11

What is the physiological connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

Back 11

blood

Front 12

What is the physiological connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 12

neural

Front 13

________is the ability to adapt upon prolonged exposure to an environmental change.

Back 13

aclimmatization

Front 14

__________of chemicals that is readily available.

Back 14

pool

Front 15

___________of chemicals in the body is not readily available.

Back 15

stores

Front 16

How is the effectiveness of hormones at low concentration controlled?

Back 16

cascade effect when the hormone binds to the receptor

Front 17

What are two peptide hormones found in the pituitary glands?

Back 17

Oxytocin and ADH

Front 18

_______controls secretion of parathyroid hormone .

Back 18

Blood calcium concentration

Front 19

What does phosphodiesterase do?

Back 19

inactivates cAMP

Front 20

What does thyroxine do?

Back 20

increases the rate at which proteins are synthesize

Front 21

Where are the target cell receptors located for steroid hormones?

Back 21

cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Front 22

Which of the following is a catecholamine? a) GnRH, b) PRH c) PIH, d) GIH

Back 22

c) PIH

Front 23

What is another name for nerve impulse?

Back 23

Action Potential

Front 24

When a muscle contracts, tension develops because of _______________.

Back 24

interaction between actin and myosin

Front 25

During muscle contraction, the Ca2+ that is released with ____________.

Back 25

troponin

Front 26

Muscles pull on bones from their_____________.

Back 26

insertion to origin

Front 27

Muscle fatigue is due, in part, to the accumulation of ______.

Back 27

lactic acid

Front 28

Integration of the body functions is controlled by the ______________.

Back 28

Nervous system and endocrine system.

Front 29

T/F Hormone is a chemical produced in one area of the body, which is then transported in the blood and acts as a regulator in another area of the body

Back 29

True

Front 30

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by _________.

Back 30

Blood calcium concentration

Front 31

When a peptide hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor, what happens next?

Back 31

the second chemical messenger appears in the cytoplasm

Front 32

If the resting membrane potential becomes more negative, the membrane is said to be ____________.

Back 32

hyperpolorized

Front 33

When the resting membrane potential is going toward zero it is said to be ____________.

Back 33

depolarizing

Front 34

If the resting membrane goes back to Vr it is said to be _____.

Back 34

repolarizing

Front 35

What is the correct sequence of events that follow an excitatory threshold?

Back 35

Sodium channels open and sodium ions influx – membrane becomes polarized – potassium channels open and potassium ions efflux – membrane becomes repolarized.

Front 36

What is Vr

Back 36

-70mV

Front 37

What mechanism prevents the continual increase of intracellular sodium and continual decrease of intracellular potassium?

Back 37

Na,K,ATPase pumps

Front 38

Saltatory is _________.

Back 38

when the action potentials jump the Nodes of Ranvier

Front 39

Is synaptic transmission more electrical or chemical?

Back 39

chemical

Front 40

If you have an increase in extracellular K+ concentration that is above the normal level (5mOsm/L) what happens to the K+ .

Back 40

You will reduce the K+ efflux

Front 41

How do troponin and tropomyosin inhibit the cross-bridges?

Back 41

They cover the myosin binding sites on actin, preventing the cross-bridges from making contact

Front 42

Define isometric

Back 42

It is constant length

Front 43

Define isotonic

Back 43

It is constant tension

Front 44

If you are writing with a pen or pencil, your muscles are in _________.

Back 44

tetanus

Front 45

How do muscle fibers form ATP?

Back 45

Phosphorylation of ADP with creatine phosphate or substrate phosphophyloration of ADP in glycloysis or oxidative phosphorylation of ADP in the mitochondria.

Front 46

Can you increase the strength of your muscles if you are in a low-intensity, long-duration exercise?

Back 46

NO

Front 47

How do you produce a graded muscle contraction?

Back 47

Variations in the number of muscle fibers stimulated.

Front 48

Define the all-or-none response in muscles?

Back 48

It is when the muscle fiber contracts and it contract to its fullest extent.

Front 49

When the muscle contracts, the _________slides over the _________.

Back 49

actin, myosin

Front 50

If you depolarize a muscle fiber what happens?

Back 50

It causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 51

Is a lack of ATP a single cause of fatigue in a muscle?

Back 51

No, it is one of the causes

Front 52

Are cross-bridges composed of myosin?

Back 52

Yes

Front 53

Does the cross-bridge contain ATPase?

Back 53

Yes

Front 54

Do cross-bridges split the ATP before they attach to actin?

Back 54

Yes

Front 55

Do the cross-bridges bond to the ATP after they detach from actin?

Back 55

No

Front 56

List the structures of a skeletal muscle in an increasing order.

Back 56

filaments-sarcomere-myofibrils-cell(fibers)-faciculi-muscles

Front 57

67. Can EPP initiate AP without summating?

Back 57

67. yes

Front 58

What are the two binding sites on cross-bridges?

Back 58

actin and ATP

Front 59

______are contractile units of the muscle fiber.

Back 59

sarcomere

Front 60

68. Curare works by _______receptors.

Back 60

68. occupying the Ach receptors

Front 61

What is the excitable cell membrane of a muscle fiber cell?

Back 61

sarcolemma

Front 62

Can T-tubules transmit APs?

Back 62

Yes

Front 63

69. How does nerve gas work?

Back 63

69. destroys the Ach-esterase

Front 64

T/F Thin filaments slide on the thick filaments to cause contractions.

Back 64

True

Front 65

70. Botulin poisoning works by blocking__________.

Back 65

70. release of Ach

Front 66

What is the power stroke?

Back 66

it is when the muscle moves to its center

Front 67

What is the turn-on contraction for the muscle contraction?

Back 67

when the calcium ion attaches to troponin binding sites

Front 68

72. EMG is affected by __________ and the _____ of stimulus.

Back 68

strength and frequency

Front 69

What is the turn-off contraction for the muscle?

Back 69

It is when the troponin-tropomysin blocks the actin binding site

Front 70

What is the sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Back 70

Arrival of AP at axon terminal-Ca ions influx-synaptic vesicles migrate to membrane-Ach is releases-Ach binds to receptors-Na ions influx-creation of EPP

Front 71

73. What is spatial summation mean?

Back 71

it goes to more fibers for maximal contraction

Front 72

71. Magnesium Sulfate works by ____________.

Back 72

competing for the Ca ion channels

Front 73

66. Does the EPP have a larger magnitude than the EPSP?

Back 73

yes

Front 74

74. What is temporal summation mean?

Back 74

there is increase of frequency of fibers close

Front 75

75. Define twitch

Back 75

single contraction with single stimulus

Front 76

76. Define summation

Back 76

fused twitches

Front 77

88. ________binds muscles to bones.

Back 77

88. Tendons

Front 78

89. Can one neuron innervate many muscle fibers?

Back 78

89.yes

Front 79

90. Can each muscle fiber be innervated by more than one neuron?

Back 79

90. no

Front 80

91. __________________is an autoimmune disease where the myelin sheath is attacked.

Back 80

91.multiple sclerosis

Front 81

92. What happens to dopamine in the disease of Parkinson’s disease?

Back 81

92.inhibited

Front 82

93. __________is the disease in which the motor neurons start dying and usually causes death from respiratory failure.

Back 82

93. ALS

Front 83

94. __________are spindle-shaped and mononucleated.

Back 83

94. smooth muscle

Front 84

95. What is the ratio of actin to myosin in smooth muscle.

Back 84

95. 2x actin but 1/3 less myosin

Front 85

96. In smooth muscle actin attaches to _______.

Back 85

96.dense bodies

Front 86

97. Are there NMJ in smooth muscles.

Back 86

97. no

Front 87

98. How is neurotransmitters secreted?

Back 87

98. varicosities

Front 88

99. Can stretching a smooth muscle cause excitation?

Back 88

99. yes

Front 89

100. Are there troponin-tropomyosin blocks in smooth muscle?

Back 89

100. no

Front 90

101. What is the role of calcium ions in smooth muscles?

Back 90

101. secondary chemical messengers

Front 91

102. What are the sources of calcium for smooth muscles?

Back 91

102. ECF and sarcoplsmic reticulum

Front 92

103. What are the two types of smooth muscles?

Back 92

103. single unit and multiple units

Front 93

104. Which type is found in the gut?

Back 93

104. single unit

Front 94

105. Which type is found in the bronchi?

Back 94

105. multiple units

Front 95

106. Do you have gap junctions in multiple units?

Back 95

106. no

Front 96

107. Does multiple units have autonomic control?

Back 96

107. yes

Front 97

108. Do multiple units have contractile when stretched?

Back 97

108. no

Front 98

109. Which APG hormones are acidophils?

Back 98

109. prolactin and GH

Front 99

110. Which APG hormones are basophils?

Back 99

110. TSH and FSH and LH

Front 100

111. Which APG hormones are chromophobes?

Back 100

111. ACTH

Front 101

112. What are two examples of negative feedback?

Back 101

112. blood sugars and body temperature

Front 102

113. Give an example of a feedforward.

Back 102

113. anticipation of an event

Front 103

114. Give an example of positive feedback.

Back 103

114. delivery of a baby

Front 104

115. Nernst Equation measures______.

Back 104

115. calculate equilibrium transmembrane differences for one ion

Front 105

116. Goldman’s Equation measures_________.

Back 105

116. calculate each ion being involved in equalibrium

Front 106

117. What type of receptors are in the heart for acetylcholine?

Back 106

117. muscarinic-cholinergic

Front 107

118. What does it do to the heart rate?

Back 107

118. decreases

Front 108

119. What type of receptors are in the heart for norepinephrine? What does it do to the heart rate?

Back 108

119. Beta-adrenergic; increases

Front 109

120. What are the receptors in the GI tract for acetylcholine? What does it do motility?

Back 109

120.muscarinic-cholinergic; increases

Front 110

121. What are the receptors in the GI tract for norepinephrine? What does it do for motility?

Back 110

121. Beta-adrenergic; slows

Front 111

122. What are the resting membrane potential for each: K+; Na2+; and cell membrane equilibrium?

Back 111

122. K=-90 mV; Na=+60mV; -70mV

Front 112

123. What is a motor unit?

Back 112

123. muscle and neuron

Front 113

124. Does multiple units have spontaneous action potentials?

Back 113

124. No

Front 114

125. _________have gap and desmosomes and intercalated discs.

Back 114

125. Cardiac muscles