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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The definition of viscosity is the friction opposing movement. On average, whole blood has a viscosity of ____ H2O. In polycythemia vera, the hemocrit count is ______ and the viscosity is ___ that of H2O.
a) 3x / 38-42% / 10x b) 3x / 60-70% / 10x c) 10x / 38-42% / 3x d) 10x, 60-70%, 3x |
B
(Page 51) |
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A person suffering from polycythemia requires
a) monthly blood transfusion b) monthly blood letting c) nothing |
B
(Page 51) |
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Donating blood every 45 days reduces the risk of a "cardiovascular event" by ____%
a) 0% b) 12% c) 88% d) 100% |
C
(Page 51) |
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Plasma viscosity is ____ than whole blood.
a) higher b) lower c) same |
B
(Page 51) |
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The type(s) of Plasma proteins are:
a) albumins b) globulins c) fibrinogen d) A and B only e) A and C only f) all of the above g) none of the above |
F
(Page 51) |
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Albumins make up ___% of plasma proteins. Their function is to
a) 2.5 / transport substances and immunoglobulins b) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume up c) 0.3 / clotting d) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume down |
B
(Page 51) |
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Globulins make up ___% of plasma proteins. Their function is to
a) 2.5 / transport substances and immunoglobulins b) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume up c) 0.3 / clotting d) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume down |
A
(Page 51) |
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Fibrinogen make up ___% of plasma proteins. Their function is to
a) 2.5 / transport substances and immunoglobulins b) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume up c) 0.3 / clotting d) 4.5 / colloid osmotic pressure, keeps blood volume down |
C
(Page 51) |
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Flow through a blood vessel is determined by:
a) pressure difference at 1 end b) pressure difference at 2 ends c) vascular resistance d) vascular compliance e) B and C only f) A and D only |
E
(Page 51) |
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Define Ohm's law Q = ΔP / R.
a) Pressure = Change in Blood Flow / Resistance b) Resistance = Chance in Pressure / Blood Flow c) Blood Flow = Change in Pressure / Resistance |
C
(Page 51) |
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Blood flow is the quantity of blood that passes a given point, what is the normal blood flow of a healthy individual?
a) 3 L / min b) 5 L / min c) 10 L / min |
B
(Page 52) |
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A Doppler Ultrasound can be used to measure ___________.
a) Peripheral Vascular Disease b) Polycythemia c) Hyperemia |
A
(Page 52) |
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There are two types of blood flow. _____ flow is a streamlined flow, while ______ flow is a cross wise motion and heard when the speed is too great or the flow passes a rough surface.
a) turbulent / laminar b) laminar / turbulent c) smooth / rough d) rough / smooth |
B
(Page 52) |
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Reynold's equation vdρ / η can be used to measure
a) laminar flow b) the viscosity of blood c) turbulent flow d) the velocity of blood |
C
(Page 52 VI, 1-B, Reynolds is velocity * diameter * density divided by viscosity) |
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____ is the force exerted by blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.
a) blood flow b) resistance c) blood pressure |
C
(Page 52) |
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A sphygmomanometer is used as an ____________ method for listening to blood pressure. Sounds are generated through ____ flow.
a) auscultatory / laminar b) Electrocardiograph / laminar c) Electrocardiograph / turbulent d) auscultatory / turbulent |
D
(Page 52) |
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T/F
When the Pressure cuff < BP in blood vessel, the vessel is occluded, therefore generates no sound |
F
(Occlusion = full blockage) |
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When the pressure cuff < blood pressure, the first generated sound from intermittent turbulence is __________.
a) Systole b) Diastole c) Gallop sound |
A
(Page 52) |
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When the pressure cuff < blood pressure, and the first time no sound is generated, this measurement is __________.
a) Systole b) Diastole c) Gallop sound |
B
(Page 52) |
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Conductance is proportional to the radius to the ____ power.
a) 1st b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 4th |
D
(Page 53) |
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Poiseuille's Law is measured by the quantity of blood that passes in a blood vessel at any given period of time. Knowing that information if the radius of the vessel was increased by 2, the velocity of the blood has been ______ while the quantity of blood is _______.
a) increased by 2, increased by 2 b) decreased by 2, decreased by 2 c) increased by 4, increased by 16 d) decreased by 4, decreased by 16 |
C
(Page 53 VI, 3-A, V = (ΔP * r^2) / 8ηl and Q = (ΔP * π * r^4) / 8ηl) |
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Poiseuille's Law is measured by the quantity of blood that passes in a blood vessel at any given period of time. Knowing that information if the length of the vessel was increased by 2, the velocity of the blood has been _______ while the quantity of blood is _______.
a) increased by 2, increased by 2 b) decreased by 2, decreased by 2 c) increased by 4, increased by 16 d) decreased by 4, decreased by 16 |
A
(Page 53 VI, 3-A, V = (ΔP * r^2) / 8ηl and Q = (ΔP * π * r^4) / 8ηl) |
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Knowing that Q = ΔP / R, Resistance can also be calculated by the equation _____.
a) (π * r^4) / 8ηl b) 8ηl / (π * r^4) c) 8ηl / (π * r^2) d) (π * r^4) / 8ηl |
B
(Page 53) |
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As pressure increases in an artery, blood flow of the vessel ____ because resistance _____ due to a(n) ______ in the radius.
a) Increases / decreases / increases b) decreases / increases / decreases c) remains the same for all 3. |
A
(Page 54) |
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T/F
Immediate effects from sympathetic stimulation causes constriction of the arteries, therefore can reduce the blood flow with the same pressure. |
T
(Page 54) |
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Tension = Pressure & Radius is:
a) Bernoulli's Principle b) Law of Laplace c) Poiseuille's Law |
B
(Page 54 VI, 5) |
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T/F
As pressure remains constant and the radius increases, an unburst aneurysm can occur because the tension remains the same. |
F
(Page 54 VI, 5 T = Pr, therefore tension will increase as well) |
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T/F
Vascular distensibility (stretchability) is greater in arteries than in veins. |
F
(Page 54 VI, 6) |
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If a vein has 8X distensible and can hold 3X the volume of an artery. The total compliance is
a) 24X b) 8X c) 3X d) 2.67X |
A
(Page 55 VI, 6 Vascular Compliance (Capacitance) is equivalent to total distensibility which is Vascular Distensibility x Volume.) |
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T/F
Sympathetic stimulation makes the arteries and veins more compliant, therefore increasing the capacity that can be stored in veins and arteries |
F
(Sympathetic stimulation causes vasocontriction of the vessels, therefore making it less compliant.) |
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Hemorrhage, or loss of copious amounts of blood will increase sympathetic ______ therefore causing _______ and may return ______ blood to the heart.
a) inhibition / vasodilation / less b) stimulation / vasoconstriction / more c) inhibition / vasoconstriction / more d) stimulation / vasodilation / less |
B
(Page 55) |
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Bernoulli's principle states that a low velocity will _____ pressure and high velocity will _____ pressure
a) increase / decrease b) decrease / increase c) stay constant |
A
(Page 55) |
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Sharp increase in volume will lead to a gradual _______ in pressure while a sharp decrease in volume will lead to a gradual ______ in pressure.
a) no change b) increase / decrease c) decrease / increase |
C
(Page 56) |
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T/F
A gradual increase in pressure due to reverse delayed compliance helps with dealing with a laceration and blood loss due to a hemorrhage. |
T
(Page 56) |
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Which of the following is the right list from largest to smallest (total cross sectional area)
a) Aorta > Vena Cavae > Arterioles > Small Veins > Small Arteries > Venules > Capillaries b) Capillaries > Venules > Small Arteries > Small Veins > Arterioles > Vena Cavae > Aorta |
B
(Page 57, Easiest way to remember is there's only one 1 aorta and 2 Vena Cavae, therefore veins are always greater than arteries and capillaries are the junction that combines the two.) |
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T/F
Velocity is directly proportional to the total cross sectional area of each different section. |
F
(Page 57, it's inversely proportional, Which has more speed, 5L of water through a Fire hose or 5L of water through a needle point? Fire hose!) |
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Because Q is the same for all segments, in the ______ the resistance (R) must be the greatest making them the control valves of the circulation
a) Aorta b) Vena Cavae c) Small Veins d) Arterioles e) Large Veins f) Large Arteries g) Capillaries |
D
(Page 57) |
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Elasticity in the arteries are important because
a) it prevents pressure from rising extremely high in ventricular diastole b) it prevents pressure from rising extremely high in ventricular systole c) maintains a high arterial pressure in diastole so blood can continue to flow d) maintains a high arterial pressure in systole so blood can continue to flow. e) B and C f) A and D |
E
(Page 58) |
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Sympathetic stimulation affects _____ in blood vessels like the _____, therefore causing an overall ____ in blood pressure.
a) vasodilation / arteries / decrease b) vasoconstriction / arteries / increase c) vasodilation / veins / decrease d) vasoconstriction / veins / increase |
B
(Page 58) |
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Exercising increases demand therefore causing ______ and _____ cardiac output
a) vasodilation / increasing b) vasocontriction / increasing c) vasodilation / decreasing d) vasocontriction / decreasing |
A
(Page 59) |
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T/F
Capillaries have a slow velocity and highly permeable walls, this is specialized for diffusion. |
T
(Page 59) |
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The venous pump is also known as the _____ pump.
a) blood pressure b) Na+ / K+ c) muscle d) heart e) brain |
C
(Page 59) |
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T/F
Left Atrial Pressure is the same as Central Venous Pressure |
F
(Right atrial pressure) |
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Increased pumping will ____ the Right Atrial Pressure while Cardiomyopathy will _____ RAP.
a) decrease / increase b) increase / decrease c) decrease / decrease d) increase / increase |
A
(Page 59) |
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While pressure is held constant (by baroreceptors) Increased blood volume returned by veins into the Right atrial will _____ RAP,
a) increase b) decrease c) stabilize |
A
(Page 59) |
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_______ pressure is the weight of water in vessels. The pressure in the brain is a _____ value while the pressure in the feet is a ______ value.
a) Electrostatic / negative / positive b) Electrostatic / positive / negative c) Hydrostatic / negative / positive d) Hydrostatic / positive / negative |
C
(Page 60) |
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RAP usually has a hydrostatic pressure of _____ to ____ mmHg.
a) 40 / 90 b) -10 / 0 c) 6 / 8 d) 0 / 3 |
D
(Page 60) |
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Edema in the legs can cause the pressure to hit ____ mmHg if a person stands perfectly still for 15+ minutes.
a) -10 b) 0 c) 35 d) 90 |
D
(Page 60) |
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Incompetant valves can lead valves in veins from closing completely. This can leave to _______ veins.
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Varicose
(Page 60) |
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T/F
Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure (MCFP) is determined by Blood volume and total capacitance. |
T
(Page 60) |
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A high MCFP value may mean _______ while a low MCFP may lead to _________
a) high BP / Circulatory shock b) Circulatory shock / High BP |
A
(Page 60) |
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Tranfusions increase ____ MCFP while Hemorrhage __ _____ MCFP.
a) decrease / increase b) increase / decrease c) do nothing |
B
(Page 61) |
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Histamines will cause blood vessels to ______ therefore _____ MCFP
a) vasoconstriction / decrease b) vasodilation / increase c) vasoconstriction / increase d) vasodilation / decrease |
D
(Page 61) |
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Pheochromocytoma is a tumor in the adrenal medulla. This would cause a ______ in MCFP due to a _______ in compliance causing hypertension.
a) Decrease / Decrease b) Increase / Decrease c) Decrease / Increase d) Increase / Increase |
B
(Page 61) |
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Pulse pressure is and a normal value is in the range of _____ mmHg.
a) Systolic - Diastolic / 80 b) Diastolic - Systolic / 80 c) Systolic - Diastolic / 40 d) Diastolic - Systolic / 40 |
C
(Page 61) |
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Factors that affect pulse pressure is:
a) stroke volume b) compliance in venous tree c) compliance in arterial tree d) A and C e) all of the above |
D
(Page 61) |
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Arteriosclerosis is a _____ in compliance, leading to a ____ in elasticity. This would lead to an _____ in overall pulse pressure.
a) decrease / decrease / increase b) increase / increase / decrease c) decrease / decrease / decrease d) increase / increase / increase |
A
(Page 61) |
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus means that ______blood is going going from ______ to _______. This will lead to an increase in pulse pressure.
a) oxygenated / aorta / pulmonary trunk b) deoxygenated / pulmonary trunk / aorta c) oxygenated / pulmonary trunk / aorta d) deoxygenated / aorta / pulmonary trunk |
A
(Page 61) |
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Rheumatic fever may be a cause of _____, which causes the _____ valve to stay open, therefore returning blood back to the _____ ventricle, increase pulse pressure due to a stronger contraction.
a) arteriosclerosis / pulmonary / right b) aortic regurgitation / pulmonary / right c) aortic regurgitation / aortic / left d) arteriosclerosis / aortic / left |
C
(Page 61) |
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T/F
Increased pulse pressure generates a "wave" in arteries, this would lead to the pressure wave reaching the end point of the artery before the blood. |
T
(Page 61) |
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Blood Flow: Local Control is
a) mainly based on tissue's need b) shifting from non-muscle beds during exercise. c) hormones, ions and other substances dissolved |
A
(Page 62) |
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Blood Flow: Nervous Control is
a) mainly based on tissue's need b) shifting from non-muscle beds during exercise. c) hormones, ions and other substances dissolved |
B
(Page 62) |
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Blood Flow: Humoral Control is
a) mainly based on tissue's need b) shifting from non-muscle beds during exercise. c) hormones, ions and other substances dissolved |
C
(Page 62) |
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T/F
The lesser the metabolism the lower the blood flow |
T
(Page 62) |
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Please select from the following, from greatest need to lowest.
a) kidney, adrenal, thyroid, liver, heart, brain, muscle b) muscle, brain, heart, liver, thyroid, adrenal, kidney c) brain, kidney, adrenal, thyroid, liver, heart, brain, muscle |
A
(Page 62) |
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Increasing local metabolism usually and/or decreased oxygen availability, This will generally increase blood flow. High altitude controls blood flow because
a) not enough O2 to make ATP by smooth muscle, therefore causing natural vasodilation b) of poor gas exchange c) it binds last stage in oxidative phosphorylation, can’t use that oxygen to make ATP even if you made it to the last step d) the ability to bind cytochrome oxidase, can’t allow you to use oxygen |
A
(Page 62) |
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Increasing local metabolism usually and/or decreased oxygen availability, This will generally increase blood flow. Pneumonia controls blood flow because
a) not enough O2 to make ATP by smooth muscle, therefore causing natural vasodilation b) of poor gas exchange c) it binds last stage in oxidative phosphorylation, can’t use that oxygen to make ATP even if you made it to the last step d) the ability to bind cytochrome oxidase, can’t allow you to use oxygen |
B
(Page 62) |
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Increasing local metabolism usually and/or decreased oxygen availability, This will generally increase blood flow. Carbon Monoxide (CO) controls blood flow because
a) not enough O2 to make ATP by smooth muscle, therefore causing natural vasodilation b) of poor gas exchange c) it binds last stage in oxidative phosphorylation, can’t use that oxygen to make ATP even if you made it to the last step d) the ability to bind cytochrome oxidase, can’t allow you to use oxygen |
C
(Page 62) |
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Increasing local metabolism usually and/or decreased oxygen availability, This will generally increase blood flow. Cyanide controls blood flow because
a) not enough O2 to make ATP by smooth muscle, therefore causing natural vasodilation b) of poor gas exchange c) it binds last stage in oxidative phosphorylation, can’t use that oxygen to make ATP even if you made it to the last step d) the ability to bind cytochrome oxidase, can’t allow you to use oxygen |
D
(Page 62) |
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CO2, Adenosine, Adenosine-Phosphate compounds, Potassium, Lactic Acid and histamine all cause _____.
a) vasodilation b) vasocontriction c) nothing |
A
(Page 62) |
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Oxygen plays a major role in local control of blood flow. This is because it is used to make smooth muscle ____. An absence would cause the vessel to _____.
a) contract / contract b) contract / dilate c) dilate / contract d) dilate / dilate |
B
(Page 63) |
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Beriberi is a lack of which type of vitamin:
a) Folate b) Riboflavin c) Thiamine d) Niacin e) none of the above f) B C and D only g) A B and C only |
F
(Page 63) |
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T/F
Reactive hyperemia occurs when the occlusion of the a vessel is released. It increase local blood flow. |
T
(Page 63) |
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T/F
Active hyperemia occurs when the occlusion of the a vessel is released. It increase local blood flow. |
F
(Active hyperemia is the increase in metabolism, which increases blood flow to certain areas of the body) |
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Autoregulation increases arterial pressure which then increase blood flow. When vasodilator substances is removed and nurtient supply is high, this leads to ______.
a) vasodilation b) vasoconstriction c) occlusion d) unbursted aneurysm |
B
(Page 63) |
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Long term local control differs from short term because it slowly increase the size and number of blood vessels, therefore _____ the blood pressure.
a) decreases b) increases c) stays the same |
A
(Page 63) |
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Autonomic nervous system has both a chronotropic factor, which affects _____ and an inotropic factor, which affects ______.
a) rate / strength and contractility b) strength and conctractility / rate c) strength and rate / contractiility d) contractility / strength and rate |
A
(Page 64) |
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Parasympathetic regulation affects the _____ and usually affects when the person is ______.
a) heart / exercising b) kidneys / exercising c) heart / at rest d) heart / at rest |
C
(Page 64) |
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Sympathetic regulation affects the _____ and usually affects when the person is ______.
a) heart / exercising b) kidneys / exercising c) heart / at rest d) heart / at rest |
A
(Page 64) |
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Sympathetics work very well on
i) kidney II) gut iii) spleen iv) skin v) heart vi) skeletal muscle a) i and ii only b) i - iii c) i - iv d) i - v e) i - vi |
C
(Page 64) |
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Fight or flight response would cause ______ to skeletal muscles and ____ to skin and viscera.
a) vasodilation / Vasoconstriction b) vasoconstriction / vasodilation c) nothing |
A
(Page 65) |
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Vasovagal syncope is caused by
a) hypothalmic vasodilator system which decreases blood to muscles, increasing blood pressure b) hypothalmic vasodilator system which increases blood to muscles, decreasing blood pressure c) hypothalmic vasodilator system which decreases blood to muscles, decreases blood pressure d) hypothalmic vasodilator system which increases blood to muscles, increasing blood pressure |
B
(Page 65) |
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Norepinephrine and Epinephrine cause _____ to blood vessels and some ______ to skeletal muscles and liver.
a) nothing b) vasodilation / vasoconstriction c) vasoconstriction / vasodilation |
C
(Page 65) |
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T/F
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is used for blood pressure and fluid balance. Aldosterone mainly act on the kidneys to reabsorb Sodium and water into the body. |
T
(Page 65) |
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An important vasoconstrictor created inside the body during a hemorrhage is _____.
a) angiotensin b) epinephrine c) vasopressin d) endothelin 1 |
C
(Page 65) |
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Thromboxane A2 causes the aggregation of
a) neutrophils b) monocytes c) platelets d) eosinophils |
C
(Page 66) |
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Prostacyclin, a vasodilator
a) produced on injury or maceration of blood b) decreases platelet aggregation c) are created from mast cells d) shear-stress on vessel walls causes it's release |
B
(Page 66) |
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Bradykinin, a vasodilator
a) produced on injury or maceration of blood b) decreases platelet aggregation c) are created from mast cells d) shear-stress on vessel walls causes it's release |
A
(Page 66) |
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Histamine, a vasodilator
a) produced on injury or maceration of blood b) decreases platelet aggregation c) are created from mast cells d) shear-stress on vessel walls causes it's release |
C
(Page 66) |
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Nitric Oxide, a vasodilator
a) produced on injury or maceration of blood b) decreases platelet aggregation c) are created from mast cells d) shear-stress on vessel walls causes it's release |
D
(Page 66) |
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Calcium is a ____ it stimulates smooth muscle ______.
a) vasodilator / relaxation b) vasoconstrictor / contraction c) vasodilator / contraction d) vasoconstrictor / relaxation |
B
(Page 66) |
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Magnesium is an important ______ as it is used in strokes, seizures skeletal muscle cramps, pre-eclampsia and migraines.
a) vasodilator b) vasoconstrictor c) element |
A
(Page 66) |
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Arterial pressure can be defined as
a) Correction / Error remaining b) Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure c) Cardiac Output x Total peripheral Resistance d) A and B e) B and C |
E
(Page 67) |
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______ system is the first line of defense against abnormal pressure changes.
a) Nervous b) Humoral c) Local |
A
(Page 67) |
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Baroreceptors work the most efficiently when
a) blood pressure is in the normal range b) blood pressure is in the high range c) blood pressure is in the low range d) Doesn't like working, it's a lazy bum. |
A
(Page 67) |
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List in the order of nervous mechanisms from emergency to non-emergency
a) Chemoreceptor > CNS Ischemic > Baroreceptor b) Baroreceptor > CNS ischemic > Chemoreceptor c) Baroreceptor > Chemoreceptor > CNS Ischemic d) CNS ischemic > Chemoreceptor > Baroreceptor |
D
(Page 67) |
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If a patient starts with 100 mmHg, and the pressure rises to 200. The mechanism returns the blood to 125. What is the feed back gain?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 |
D
(Page 67) |
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T/F
All short term mechanisms are neural and are useless long term because they adapt. |
T
(Page 67) |
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In long term pressure mechanism a drop in pressure ____ blood volume in the kidneys to _____ overall pressure.
a) increase / decrease b) decrease / increase c) increase / increase d) decrease / decrease |
C
(Page 68) |
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T/F
The areas where there are the most baroreceptors is in the Carotid Sinus and arch of the Aorta. |
T
(Page 68) |
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Increased blood pressure due to vasoconstriction will _____ baroreceptors, which will then ____ HR and force of contraction
a) activate / increase b) deactivate / decrease c) activate / decrease d) deactivate / increase |
C
(Page 68) |
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T/F
Reflex mechanisms operate in 1 single direction |
F
(Page 69 operate in both directions) |
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T/F
Carotid body and Aortic body respond to low Oxygen and send chemoreceptors to the vasomotor center to decrease pressure |
F
(Page 69, it increases pressure) |
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CNS ischemic response is when the blood flow is _______ enough that certain substances (CO2) is not carried away fast enough. This would cause ________ in peripheral body functions.
a) decrease / vasodilation b) decrease / vasoconstriction c) increase / vasodilation d) increase / vasoconstriction |
B
(Page 69) |
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In veins eliciting a muscle contraction or vasoconstriction will ____ cardiac output because more blood is returned to the heart.
a) increase b) decrease c) stay the same |
A
(Page 70) |
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A patient enters the hospital complaining about a fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and a fast heartbeat. He was diagnosed with Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. He told the physician that he performed a maneuver, which usually helps alleviate this. What is it called?
a) Vasovagal b) Valsalva c) Bernoulli |
B
(Page 70) |
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Vasopressin is secreted by the ______ stimulated by the _____.
a) anterior pituitary / hypothalamus b) anterior pituitary / thalamus c) posterior pituitary / hypothalamus d) posterior pituitary / thalamus |
C
(Page 71) |
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T/F
Fluid between interstitial space and blood in capillaries do not shift when there is a change in arterial pressure. |
F
(Page 71) |
