Physiology Exam 2

Front 1

The Nervous System is the main _1__ and helps__2__

Back 1

1) regulatory system
2) maintain homeostasis

Front 2

The Nervous System coordinates body functions by __1__,__2__, and __3__to changes in the __4__ and __5__

Back 2

1) sensing
2) integrating
3) responding
4) internal
5) external environment

Front 3

The Nervous System also coordinates with the __1__ through its effects on the __2__ and __3__

Back 3

1) endocrine system
2) hypothalamus
3) pituitary

Front 4

The Nervous System is broadly divided into what main branches?

Back 4

1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 5

1) Afferent = ____
2) Efferent = ____

Back 5

1) sensory
2) motor

Front 6

1) senses, integrates, and responds to stimuli
2) brings sensory information from sense organs to CNS and carries impulses from CNS to effectors

Back 6

1) CNS
2) PNS

Front 7

The CNS is made up of what?

Back 7

1) brain
2) spinal cord

Front 8

What is the function of the CNS?

Back 8

senses, integrates, and responds to stimuli

Front 9

What is the function of the PNS?

Back 9

brings sensory information from sense organs to CNS and carries impulses from CNS to effectors

Front 10

What is the PNS made up of?

Back 10

1) 12 pairs of cranial nerves
2) 31 pairs of spinal nerves
3) PNS ganglia

Front 11

PNS: Afferent Division (sensory) receives what stimuli?

Back 11

1) visceral stimuli
2) sensory stimuli

Front 12

PNS Afferent Division inputs to _1__from_2__

Back 12

1) CNS (brain and spinal cord)
2) periphery

Front 13

sensory and visceral stimuli->_1_ -->_2_-->_3_-->_4_

Back 13

1) afferent division (sensory)
2) input to CNS from periphery
3) output from CNS to periphery
4) efferent division (motor)

Front 14

transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS

Back 14

PNS: afferent division (sensory)

Front 15

What does the afferent division of the PNS do?

Back 15

transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS

Front 16

PNS: afferent division (sensory) fibers?

Back 16

1) somatic afferent fibers
2) visceral afferent fibers

Front 17

carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

Back 17

somatic afferent fibers

Front 18

transmit impulses from visceral organs

Back 18

visceral afferent fibers

Front 19

different types of senses

Back 19

1) general somatic senses
2) proprioceptive senses
3) special somatic senses
4) visceral senses

Front 20

afferent = _1_
efferent = _2_

Back 20

1) sensory (from PNS-->CNS)
2) motor (from CNS-->PNS)
PNS: both afferent and efferent division

Front 21

receptors are widely spread around the body e.g. touch, pain, temperature, etc.

Back 21

general somatic senses

Front 22

type of senses:
e.g. touch, pain, temperature, etc.

Back 22

general somatic senses

Front 23

detect stretch in tendons and muscle, helps sense position and movement of body in space

Back 23

proprioceptive senses

Front 24

vision, hearing, smell, etc.

Back 24

special somatic senses

Front 25

widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, and reproductive organs; stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger

Back 25

visceral senses

Front 26

Function of PNS: Efferent Division (Motor)

Back 26

transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

Front 27

PNS: efferent division (motor) has...

Back 27

2 subdivisions:
1) somatic nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system

Front 28

somatic nervous system..
1) provides__control of___
2) under __
3) often called "__"

Back 28

1) conscious; skeletal muscles
2) voluntary control
3) voluntary nervous system

Front 29

autonomic nervous system...
1) regulates ___
2) controls functions of ___
3) often called___

Back 29

1) smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
2) visceral organs
3) "involuntary nervous system"

Front 30

nervous system organization:
nervous tissue has __types of cells...

Back 30

2 types of cells:
1) neurons
2) neuroglia (glial) cells

Front 31

Nervous tissue has 2 types of cells:

Neurons:
1) __ cells that transmit ___
2) they ___

Back 31

1) excitable; electrical signals
2) do not divide (lost cells can't be replaced with new ones)

Front 32

Nervous tissue has 2 types of cells:

Neuroglia (Glial) cells:
1) ___cells
2) ___numerous than neurons
3) they ___

Back 32

1) supporting
2) more
3) are capable of division

Front 33

Types of Neurons: there are __types based on function

Back 33

3 types:
1) afferent neurons
2) interneurons
3) efferent neurons

Front 34

Afferent neurons:
1) sensory or motor?
2) __neurons
3) from __ to __

Back 34

1) sensory
2) incoming
3) receptors; CNS

Front 35

Interneurons:
1) aka __
2) are__
3) what do they do?

Back 35

1) association neurons
2) always in the CNS
3) integrate info

Front 36

Efferent neurons:
1) sensory or motor?
2) __neurons
3) from ___to ___

Back 36

1) motor
2) outgoing
3) CNS; effectors

Front 37

Types of Neurons: Afferent Neurons
1) usually ___
2) has a __at its__
3) receptor part responds to a __
4) cell bodies ___
5) has a __and a __

Back 37

1) unipolar neurons
2) sensory receptor; peripheral ending
3) particular type of stimulus
4) do not have dendrites
5) long peripheral axon; short central axon

Front 38

Types of Neurons:

Efferent Neurons
1) lie primarily in the__ as well as__
2) cell bodies are in the ___ (except the ___of the ___)
3) they leave the __and end in ___

Back 38

1) PNS; afferent neurons
2) CNS; post-ganglionic neurons; ANS
3) CNS; effector organs

Front 39

Types of Neurons:

Interneurons
1) lie entirely within the __
-have two roles:
2) to connect __to__and __ based on __information
3) also __among themselves to generate __like __

Back 39

1) CNS
2) afferent; efferent neurons; integrate responses; peripheral
3) interconnect; higher functions; thought

Front 40

neuroglia make up __1__ of the nervous tissue; they do not __2__

Back 40

1) 90%
2) initiate or conduct nerve impulses

Front 41

1) Neuroglia support neurons (especially__) ___,___, and___
2) they also modulate ___ and play an important role in __ and __

Back 41

1) interneurons; physically; metabolically; functionally
2) synaptic function; learning; memory

Front 42

There are __major types of glial cells in the nervous system, of which __are found in the CNS

Back 42

6; 4

Front 43

glial cells in the CNS

Back 43

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

Front 44

Glial cells in the CNS: Astrocytes
1) are the ___
2) __ neurons in their__
3) help __and ___from __

Back 44

1) main glial cells
2) maintain; specific locations
3) form the blood-brain barrier; transfer nutrients; blood to neurons

Front 45

Glial cells in the CNS: Astrocytes
1) necessary for ___
2) ___to___
3) enhances ___ and modify ___

Back 45

1) repair of CNS injuries
2) take up and degrade neurotransmitters; terminate their action
3) synapse formation; synaptic function

Front 46

1) form myelin sheaths around axons in the _2_

Back 46

1) oligodendrocytes
2) CNS

Front 47

1) phagocytic scavengers of _2_

Back 47

1) microglia
2) CNS

Front 48

Glial cells in the CNS: ependymal cells

1) __cells that__
2) ___from ___and help for__
3) __help ___around
4) act as ___

Back 48

1) ciliated; line internal cavities in the brain (ventricles)
2) extract plasma; capillaries; CSF
3) cilia; move CSF
4) neural stem cells

Front 49

CNS glial cells:
1) myelin sheaths
2) phagocytic
3) CSF
4) main glial cells

Back 49

1) oligodendrocytes
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells
4) astrocytes

Front 50

Protection of the CNS: __levels of protection

Back 50

4 levels of protection:
1) hair, skin, cranium
2) meninges
3) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4) Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Front 51

1) encloses the brain
2) encloses the spinal cord

Back 51

1) cranium
2) vertebral column

Front 52

1) cushion and protect delicate neural tissue

Back 52

meninges

Front 53

CNS is wrapped by several meninges:
1) outer ___
2) middle ___
3) innermost ___

Back 53

1) dura mater
2) arachnoid mater
3) pia mater

Front 54

1) surrounds the CNS; flows through the __2__

Back 54

1) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
2) subarachnoid space

Front 55

what does the blood brain barrier do?

Back 55

limits access of blood-borne substances to the brain

Front 56

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
1) function; __effect
2) produced by the ___ in the brain ventricles
3) circulates through the __ and ___
4) provides optimum and stable environment for generating ___

Back 56

1) cushions the brain; shock-absorbing
2) choroid plexus
3) brain; spinal cord
4) nerve impulses

Front 57

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
1) provides a medium for the exchange of __ and __ between __ and ___
2) significance of the CSF

Back 57

1) nutrients; wastes; blood; nervous tissue
2) gives buoyancy (actual mass of the human brain= 1400g, but when suspended in CSF equivalent to 25 grams)

Front 58

1) CSF keeps the brain in ___, which allows the brain to maintain its ___ without being impaired by its own ___, which would cut off __ and kill ___ in the lower section without CSF

Back 58

1) neutral buoyancy; density; weight; blood supply; neurons

Front 59

1) the choroid plexus in the __ and __ produce most of the __
2) CSF is formed by ___across__

Back 59

1) third; lateral ventricles; CSF
2) selective transport; ependymal cells that line the ventricles

Front 60

CSF:
once formed, CSF flows through the __1__, the __2__, and the __3__

Back 60

1) 4 interconnected ventricles in the brain
2) central canal of the spinal cord
3) subarachnoid space

Front 61

CSF Flow Path:
1-->2-->3-->4

Back 61

1) ventricles
2) subarachnoid space around CNS & through central canal of spinal cord
3)out through arachnoid villi
4) reabsorbed into blood in dural sinuses

Front 62

CSF:
1) has slightly more __ and less __as compared to__
2) normal volume: __
3) replaced __times/day, flow maintained by __pressure gradient
4) CSF accumulation leads to __

Back 62

1) Na+; K+; ECF
2) 125-150ml
3) >3; 10mmHg
4) hydrocephalus

Front 63

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) consists of ___of __and__
2) membrane modification of ___protect the brain from ___in the blood, while still allowing essential___
3) brain receives __of blood pumped by heart
4) membrane transporters of BBB move __from__into the__ (brain consumes about __of the body's glucose consumption)

Back 63

1) extensive network; capillaries; sinuses
2) capillary wall cells; chemicals; metabolic function
3) 15%
4) glucose; plasma; brain; half

Front 64

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) ___the brain from __in___
2) thus, BBB is a ___ for __of__
3) __ and __ are involved in BBB

Back 64

1) protects; harmful changes; blood chemistry (e.g. Higher K+ in blood)
2) barrier; free exchange; materials across brain capillaries
3) anatomical; physiological factors

Front 65

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
-most capillaries in the body have__1__ between their __2__which allow __3__
-this allows __4__in other organs and tissues
- BUT in the brain, capillaries have__5__

Back 65

1) gaps
2) endothelial cells
3) exchange of materials BETWEEN cells
4) free material exchange
5) tightly sealed walls

Front 66

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- in brain capillaries, endothelial cells are _1_with_2_
3) there are ___
4) endothelial cells ____
5) exchanges can occur ___
6) cells have highly___

Back 66

1) packed together more tightly
2) tight junctions
3) no pores between cells
4) lack fenestrations
5) only THROUGH the capillary cells
6) selective transport systems

Front 67

transport mechanisms:
1) most capillaries in body
2) BBB

Back 67

1) pore passage; lipid soluble substances (BETWEEN)
2) carrier-mediated transport; lipid soluble substances (THROUGH)

Front 68

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) in addition ___surround brain capillaries

Back 68

1) astrocyte foot processes

Front 69

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Astrocytes have 3 roles in BBB:
1) they signal ___ to __
2) promote formation of ___ and ___
3) participate in the ___of ___ (e.g. __)

Back 69

1) capillary cells; get tight
2) specific transport proteins; channels
3) transport; certain substances; K+

Front 70

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) astrocyte foot processes form an __
2) certain areas of the brain have___
3) such areas need to __ the ___ for __ (hence__)

Back 70

1) overlying sheet
2) no BBB (e.g. hypothalamus)
3) monitor; blood; changes in its composition; exposed to blood

Front 71

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) anatomically, transport ___the cells of the capillary wall is prevented
2) physiological mechanisms control transport __the cells
3) ____regulate transport through the capillary wall cells
4) BBB ___the movement of all molecules except those that ___due to ___ (e.g. ___) and those that are allowed in by ___ (such as__ and some__)

Back 71

1) between
2) through
3) highly selective transport mechanisms
4) blocks; cross the cell membranes; lipid solubility; oxygen, CO2, ethanol, steroid hormones; specific transport systems; sugars; amino acids

Front 72

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
1) substances with a ___generally can't cross the BBB, while smaller molecules often can

Back 72

1) MW >500 daltons

Front 73

CNS: Brain
1) ___form complex networks so that no portion of the brain works in isolation (__ fill the brain)

Back 73

1) neurons; 100 billion neurons

Front 74

Major parts of the human brain based on level of complexity

Back 74

1) cerebral cortex
2) basal nuclei
3) thalamus
4) hypothalamus
5) cerebellum
6) brain stem

Front 75

Brain: Cerebral Cortex
1) __perception
2) ___of movement
3)___
4)___traits
5) sophisticated ___, such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness

Back 75

1) sensory
2) voluntary control
3) language
4) personality
5) mental events

Front 76

Brain: basal nuclei
1) __of___
2) coordination of ___,___
3) suppression of ___

Back 76

1) inhibition; muscle tone
2) slow; sustained movements
3) useless patterns of movement

Front 77

Brain: Thalamus
1) ___for all___
2) crude awareness of ___
3) some degree of ___
4) role in ___

Back 77

1) relay station; synaptic input
2) sensation
3) consciousness
4) motor control

Front 78

Brain: hypothalamus
1) regulation of many ___, such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake
2) important link between __and __
3) extensive involvement with __ and ___
4) role in ___

Back 78

1) homeostatic functions
2) nervous; endocrine systems
3) emotion; basic behavioral patterns
4) sleep-wake cycle

Front 79

Brain: cerebellum
1) maintenance of __
2) __of ___
3) coordination and planning of __

Back 79

1) balance
2) enhancement; muscle tone
3) skilled voluntary muscle activity

Front 80

Brain: brain stem
1) origin of majority of ___
2) ___control centers
3) regulation of ___involved with __ and ___
4) reception and integration of all __from ___; arousal and activation of ___
5) role in ___

Back 80

1) peripheral cranial nerves
2) cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive
3) muscle reflexes; equilibrium; posture
4) synaptic input; spinal cord; cerebral cortex
5) sleep-wake cycle

Front 81

Which parts of the brain have a role in the sleep-wake cycle?

Back 81

1) hypothalamus
2) brain stem

Front 82

brain: ___
-greatly developed; makes up about 80% of total brain weight

Back 82

cerebrum

Front 83

Brain: Cerebrum
1) divided into __connected by__
2) inner core houses ___ (gray matter in the middle of white matter)
3) outer surface is highly convoluted ___

Back 83

1) left and right hemispheres; corpus callosum
2) basal nuclei
3) cerebral cortex

Front 84

-highest, most complex integrating area of the brain
-plays key role in most sophisticated neural functions

Back 84

cerebral cortex

Front 85

Important surface features of the cerebrum/cerebral cortex include:
1) elevated ridges (__)
2) shallow grooves (__)
3) deep grooves (__)
4) greatly___

Back 85

1) gyri
2) sulci
3) fissures
4) increase surface area

Front 86

Cerebrum
1) consists of __outside and ___inside

Back 86

1) gray matter; white matter

Front 87

consists of bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers; the tracts transmit signals from one part of the cerebral cortex to another and between cortex and other parts of the CNS

Back 87

white matter

Front 88

_1_of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex

Back 88

gray matter

Front 89

1) white matter consists of...
2) gray matter consists of..

Back 89

1) bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers
2) glial cells and densely packed neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

Front 90

cells of gray matter are organized into _1_ and they form vertical _2_ (from _3_ to _4_ within the _5_)

Back 90

1) 6 layers
2) functional columns
3) superficial
4) deep
5) cerebral cortex

Front 91

Cerebrum: Gray matter
1) functional columns extend ~__ and have ___in different parts
2) neurons in a column work as a 'team' for a __

Back 91

1) 2mm; distinctive cell types
2) specific activity

Front 92

Each half of the cerebral cortex is divided into __major lobes:

Back 92

4 major lobes:
1) occipital lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) frontal lobe

Front 93

each half of the cortex is divided into 4 major lobes:
1) initial reception of sound sensation, taste, smell
2) somatosensory processing (most sensory input)
3) carries out initial processing of visual input
4) responsible for voluntary motor control, speaking ability, elaboration of thought

Back 93

1) temporal lobe
2) parietal lobe
3) occipital lobe
4) frontal lobe

Front 94

Cerebral Cortex: Functional Area
-functionally divided into __ specializations

Back 94

3 specializations:
1) sensory areas
2) motor areas
3) association areas

Front 95

Functional areas of cerebral cortex
1) sensory areas: sensory input translated into __ (__)
2) motor areas: direct __
3) association areas: integrate information from __; can direct __

Back 95

1) perception (awareness)
2) skeletal muscle movement
3) sensory and motor areas; voluntary behaviors

Front 96

Functional Areas of the cerebral cortex:
-generally there is a _1_ for each function and a surrounding area called an _2_

Back 96

1) primary cortex
2) association area

Front 97

Primary cortex and association area
1) frontal lobe
2) parietal lobe
3) occipital lobe
4) temporal lobe

Back 97

1) primary motor cortex; motor association area (premotor cortex)
2) primary somatic sensory cortex: sensory association area
3) visual cortex: visual association area
4) auditory cortex; auditory association area

Front 98

Primary Somatosensory Cortex
1) located in the __behind the __at the front of the ___
2) ___from the skin, musculoskeletal system, and viscera finally end up on this band of cerebral cortex
3) somatosensory pathways bring sensory signals from ___
4) these senses are referred to as the __

Back 98

1) postcentral gyrus; central sulcus; parietal lobe
2) sensory information
3) general senses (touch, temperature, pain, body position, etc.)
4) somesthetic sensations

Front 99

Primary somatosensory cortex
1) somatosensory cortex shows __; signals from each body part is received at a specific area
2) these patterns of sensory projections to the somatosensory cortex forms a map of the body surface called the __
3) sensory homunculus is a caricature of relative __of cortical tissue devoted to signals from __
4) it shows the amount of ___each part receives
5) __and__receive disproportionately greater innervation than does the __

Back 99

1) spatial discrimination
2) somatosensory homunculus
3) amounts; each body part
4) sensory innervation
5) face; hands; trunk

Front 100

Primary motor cortex
1) located in the ___in front of the __at the rear of the ___
2) __ to all parts of the body originate here; motor output is sent via __
3) primary motor cortex is composed of __cells whose __ make up the corticospinal tracts
4) allows ___ of precise, skilled, voluntary movements (they originate here)

Back 100

1) precentral gyrus; central sulcus; frontal lobe
2) motor information; corticospinal tracts
3) pyramidal cells; axons
4) conscious control

Front 101

Primary Motor Cortex
1) the ___shows the spatial discrimination of motor innervation of body parts on the primary motor cortex
2) it is a caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each ___
3) size of the body parts in the homunculus is related to the extent of their ___, not to their __
4) note the large areas on the primary motor cortex dedicated to control the muscles of the __ and __

Back 101

1) motor homunculus
2) motor function
3) motor innervation; anatomical size
4) face; thumbs

Front 102

on the postcentral gyrus located at the front of each parietal lobe

Back 102

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 103

on the precentral gyrus located at the rear of each frontal lobe in front of the central sulcus

Back 103

primary motor cortex

Front 104

medial surface of occipital lobe recieves input from the thalamus (lateral geniculate nuclei) concerning shape, color, and movement

Back 104

primary visual cortex

Front 105

in superior part of the temporal lobe, interprets characteristics of sound, hearing

Back 105

primary auditory cortex

Front 106

on the postcentral gyrus located at the front of each parietal lobe

Back 106

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 107

medial aspect of temporal lobe-receives impulses from stimuli

Back 107

primary olfactory area

Front 108

on the precentral gyrus located at the rear of each frontal lobe in front of the central sulcus

Back 108

primary motor cortex

Front 109

at base of post central gyrus in the parietal lobe receives impulses for taste

Back 109

primary gustatory area

Front 110

medial surface of occipital lobe recieves input from the thalamus (lateral geniculate nuclei) concerning shape, color, and movement

Back 110

primary visual cortex

Front 111

located on the medial face of the hemisphere, just in front of primary motor cortex; preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement; motion in response to __1__cues and memory

Back 111

supplementary motor area (SMA)
1) internal

Front 112

in superior part of the temporal lobe, interprets characteristics of sound, hearing

Back 112

primary auditory cortex

Front 113

lateral to SMA in front of primary motor cortex; orients the body and arms toward a specific target, deals with learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature; motion in response to _2_cues

Back 113

premotor cortex (PMC)
1) external

Front 114

medial aspect of temporal lobe-receives impulses from stimuli

Back 114

primary olfactory area

Front 115

tracts that connect motor and sensory areas and large parts of the cortex

Back 115

major association areas

Front 116

at base of post central gyrus in the parietal lobe receives impulses for taste

Back 116

primary gustatory area

Front 117

planning voluntary activity, decision making, creativity, personality traits

Back 117

prefrontal association cortex

Front 118

located on the medial face of the hemisphere, just in front of primary motor cortex; preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement; motion in response to __1__cues and memory

Back 118

supplementary motor area (SMA)
1) internal

Front 119

lateral to SMA in front of primary motor cortex; orients the body and arms toward a specific target, deals with learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature; motion in response to _2_cues

Back 119

premotor cortex (PMC)
1) external

Front 120

tracts that connect motor and sensory areas and large parts of the cortex

Back 120

major association areas

Front 121

planning voluntary activity, decision making, creativity, personality traits

Back 121

prefrontal association cortex