Physiology Exam 2

Front 1

3 types of connective tissue in skeletal muscle

Back 1

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

Front 2

Endomysium

Back 2

surrounds muscle fibers

Front 3

Perimysium

Back 3

surrounds fascicles

Front 4

Epimysium

Back 4

surrounds whole muscle

Front 5

What is a motor unit?

Back 5

one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers that it innervates

Front 6

Motor Unit Summation

Back 6

The muscle fibers in one motor unit are spread out in the muscle. As increased force is required, more motor units are recruited.

Front 7

Sarcolemma

Back 7

cell membrane of muscle fiber

Front 8

Muscle Twitch

Back 8

one action potential on a muscle fiber - a quick weak contraction

Front 9

Latent Period

Back 9

delay between action potential on sarcolemma and initiation of contraction

Front 10

Twitch summation

Back 10

if frequency of stimulation is high enough, twitches add together to create more force

Front 11

Isotonic

Back 11

muscle allowed to shorten as it contracts

Front 12

Isometric

Back 12

Muscle not allowed to shorten. Tension developed measured

Front 13

Concentric

Back 13

Force overcomes load; muscle shortens as it contracts. (lifting something, for example)

Front 14

Eccentric

Back 14

Force insufficient to overcome load; muscle lengthens as it contracts (lowering something gently, for example)

Front 15

Type I Muscle Fiber

Back 15

slow twitch muscle,
oxidative phosphorylation,
high fatigue resistance,
red in color,
high mitochondria content,
used primarily in maintaining posture and walking,
first type of muscle recruited in sedentary individuals.

Front 16

Type IIa Muscle Fiber

Back 16

fast twitch
oxidative phosphorylation, intermediate fatigue resistance,
red in color,
high mitochondria content, recruited second
used mostly for endurance activities like walking and jogging.

Front 17

Type IIx Muscle Fiber

Back 17

fast twitch
glycolysis,
low fatigue resistance,
white in color,
low mitochondria content, recruited last in the body
only recruited during exercise that requires maximum effort like sprinting.

Front 18

endurance training and muscular inactivity may result in small changes in the percentage of... _____

Back 18

IIa and IIx fibers

Front 19

aging results change of percentage _____ to ____

Back 19

Fast twitch --> slow twitch

Front 20

Trained muscles delay fatigue by:

Back 20

*Making ATP faster
*drawing on fat instead of glycogen
*increasing mitochondria levels
*forming less lactate due to more ATP

Front 21

mTOR

Back 21

the "mammalian target of rapamycin"
-regulates cell: growth, proliferation, motility, survival
-regulates protein synthesis and transcription
-major regulator of muscle mass

Front 22

3 ways increasing mitochondrial production improves endurance

Back 22

-increased ATP production (most important)
-greater contribution of fat
-decreased protein synthesis

Front 23

AMPK
(just acronym)

Back 23

activated protein kinase

Front 24

What roles do AMPK play?

Back 24

*increases the mitochondrial content of the muscle
*inhibits mTOR and blocks protein synthesis,
*increases beta oxidation,
*increases glucose levels in the muscle

Front 25

LKB1
(acronym and function)

Back 25

Liver Kinase B1
-activates and phosphorylates AMPK

Front 26

What do gap junctions do?

Back 26

Connect the cells in the heart so that ions from action potentials spread from one cell to next, causing all cells to contract

Front 27

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 27

*right side of heart
*carries blood between heart and lungs

Front 28

Systemic Circulation

Back 28

*left side of heart
*carries blood between heart and rest of body

Front 29

SA node

Back 29

the pacemaker of the heart, composed of P-cells,
don't have normal resting potential

Front 30

AV node

Back 30

Slowly conducting fibers,
delay at the AV-node allows ventricles to fill before contraction occurs there

Front 31

Bundle of His

Back 31

Rapidly conducting fibers,
transmit electrical impulses from AV-node to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches

Front 32

Perkinje Fibers

Back 32

Rapidly conducting fibers, uses the electrical impulses from the bundle of his to innervate the ventricles causing the cardiac muscle to contract at a paced interval

Front 33

ECG

Back 33

electrocardiogram
-used to measure heart beat
-used when electrical impulses are conducted to body surface and measured

Front 34

Diastole

Back 34

relaxation
isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling

Front 35

Systole

Back 35

contraction
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection

Front 36

Tachycardia

Back 36

> 100 beats/min

Front 37

Bradycardia

Back 37

<60 beats/min

Front 38

atrial fibrillation

Back 38

rapid, irregular, uncoordinated depolarizations of the atria with no definite P waves

Front 39

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 39

uncoordinated contractions of ventricles, much more serious than atrial fibrillation

Front 40

Myocardial ischemia

Back 40

insufficient blood supply to a region of the heart

Front 41

Lub

Back 41

closing of atrial valves

Front 42

Dub

Back 42

closing of aortic/pulmonary valves

Front 43

stenotic valve

Back 43

stiff, narrowed valve that does not open completely

Front 44

insufficient valve

Back 44

valve that cannot close completely due to scarred edges

Front 45

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Back 45

abnormal enlargement of the heart muscle.
caused by genetic disorder
often the first symptom among young athletes is sudden death

Front 46

What are SV, EDV, ESV, CO (or Q)?
How do you calculate CO and SV?

Back 46

SV: stroke volume

EDV: end diastolic volume is the volume of blood in ventricle before contraction
ESV: end systolic volume is the volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

CO: cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute

SV= EDV - ESV

CO= HR x SV

Front 47

Frank-Starling law

Back 47

the greater the filling, the stronger the contraction, the smaller the end systolic volume

Front 48

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the Frank-Starling curve?

Back 48

NE (Sympathetic Nervous System) increases strength of contraction at any given initial fiber length by increasing the rate of sarcoplasmic calcium accumulation. This leads to a more rapid ejection of blood from the ventricles and a decrease in end systolic volume. This increases the stroke volume and moves the Frank-Starling curve up and to the left on the graph.

Front 49

How is cardiac output regulated?

Back 49

By regulating heart rate and regulating stroke volume

Front 50

atherosclerosis:

Back 50

condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol

Front 51

arteriosclerosis

Back 51

any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries, stiffening of the arteries

Front 52

Thromboembolism

Back 52

the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood

Front 53

Factors that affect resistance to blood flow:

Back 53

viscosity of fluid,
length of the vessel,
radius of the vessel <---

Front 54

How is resistance affected by decreasing the diameter of the vessel?

Back 54

Decreasing the size of the vessel by one half increases the resistance by a factor of 16. If you decrease the size of the vessel by half you times the blood flow by 1/16

Front 55

equation to find Flow

Back 55

Flow = Pressure Gradient/Resistance

Front 56

5 major types of blood vessels

Back 56

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

Front 57

Arteries

Back 57

Rapid transport
low resistance
large diameter
designed to withstand high pressure.
act as pressure reservoirs

Front 58

Arterioles

Back 58

resistance vessels,
have smooth muscle rings that regulate radius and resistance,

Front 59

Capillaries

Back 59

place of nutrient exchange

Front 60

Venules

Back 60

collect blood from capillaries

Front 61

Veins

Back 61

thin-walled;
contain smooth muscle
can contract or dilate to serve as blood reservoirs

Front 62

Two ways of measuring blood pressure:

Back 62

-Using a cannula connected to a manometer
-auscultatory method

Front 63

Mean arterial pressure

Back 63

(systolic + 2(diastolic))/3

Front 64

Pulse Pressure

Back 64

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Front 65

Erythrocytes

Back 65

Red blood cells that carry oxygen

Front 66

Leukocytes

Back 66

White blood cells that defend against disease.

Front 67

albumin

Back 67

maintains oncotic pressure

Front 68

Globulin

Back 68

plays a role in blood clotting, immunodefense, and other functions

Front 69

Fibrinogen

Back 69

Plays a role in blood clotting.

Front 70

Oncotic Pressure

Back 70

Osmotic pressure developed across the capillary membranes due to the plasma proteins in the blood

Front 71

3 major steps of hemostasis

Back 71

vasoconstriction or vasculure spasm,
formation of platelet plug,
formation of fibrin mesh

Front 72

Intrinsic pathway of fibrin mesh formation

Back 72

7 steps, all chemicals necessary for this pathway are found in the blood, it gets stronger as it goes down each step

Front 73

Extrinsic pathway of fibrin mesh formation

Back 73

4 steps, chemical released by damaged tissue initiates a shortcut, it is faster than intrinsic but not as strong.

Front 74

Anemia:

Back 74

a deficiency of Red Blood Cells (leads to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.)
<40 in men and <37 in women.

Front 75

Types of Anemia

Back 75

-hemorrhagic: loss of blood.
-Pernicious: nutritional deficiency; not enough vitamin B12.
-Sickle-cell: abnormal hemoglobin,
-Renal: kidney disease leads to decreased erthropoitin production.
-Aplastic: bone marrow cells destroyed by radiation/drugs.

Front 76

Polycythemia

Back 76

Too many red-blood cells

Front 77

types of polycythemia

Back 77

primary (polycythemia vera): bone-marrow tumor,
secondary:
chronic hypoxia (high altitude), blood doping: inject red blood cells or erthropoietin.

Front 78

Hemophilia

Back 78

Genetic deficiency of one of the clotting factors (usually VIII)