Physiology Exam 1: General

Front 1

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Back 1

Plasma: ECF of blood when anticoagulant has been added (ECF still has clotting proteins)

Serum: ECF of blood after it has clotted

Front 2

What is the anion gap?

Back 2

(Na + K) - (HCO3 + Cl)

Front 3

Ionotropic vs. metabotropic channels

Back 3

Ionotropic: ligand-gated, fast

Metabotropic: G-protein-coupled, slower but longer-lasting

Front 4

Structures innervated by SNS and not PNS

Back 4

- arterioles
- veins
- hair follicles
- adrenal medulla
- cardiac ventricles
- spleen
- liver
- adipocytes
- JG cells of kidney
- pineal gland
- radial smooth muscle of iris (mydriasis: dilates pupil)

Front 5

M1 subtype

Back 5

- CNS, autonomic ganglia
- increased IP3, DAG (increased Ca --> Ca-CM activates MLCK --> phosphorylates LC20 --> contraction)

Front 6

M2 subtype

Back 6

- heart
- decreased cAMP (promotes contraction, because decreased inhibition of MLCK) and/or increased K conductance

Front 7

M3 subtype

Back 7

- smooth muscle (e.g. detrusor) and glands
- increased IP3, DAG (increased Ca --> Ca-CM activates MLCK --> phosphorylates LC20 --> contraction)

Front 8

M4 subtype

Back 8

- glands, CNS, smooth muscle (e.g. IUS of bladder)
- increased cAMP (cAMP inhibits MLCK --> relaxation)

Front 9

M5 subtype

Back 9

- CNS
- increased IP3, DAG (increased Ca --> Ca-CM activates MLCK --> phosphorylates LC20 --> contraction)

Front 10

a1 receptor

Back 10

- NE > Epi > iso

- increases calcium (promotes contraction)

- arterioles (vasoconstriction)
- mydriasis (contraction of radial smooth muscle --> pupil dilation)
- intestinal sphincter contraction
- increased glycogenolysis

Front 11

a2 receptor

Back 11

- NE > Epi > iso

- decreases cAMP (decreased inhibition of MLCK --> promotes contraction)

- presynaptic inhibition of NE release
- inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells
- augment effects of a1 receptor stimulation

Front 12

b1 receptor

Back 12

- iso > Epi ~ NE

- increases cAMP (increased inhibition of MLCK --> promotes relaxation)

- increased renin output from JG cells
- increased lipolysis from white fat
- increased contractility of cardiac muscle and increased conduction velocity = increased cardiac output
- may decrease motility/tone of GI tract

Front 13

b2 and b3 receptors

Back 13

- iso > Epi > NE

- increases cAMP (increased inhibition of MLCK --> promotes relaxation)

- b3: increased lipolysis of brown fat

- b2: vasodilation, bronchodilation, relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis

Front 14

Increased lipolysis

Back 14

- SNS
- b1 receptors on white fat
- b3 receptors on brown fat

Front 15

Increased glycogenolysis in liver

Back 15

- SNS
- a1, b2

Front 16

Increased glycogenolysis in muscle

Back 16

- SNS
- b1, b2
- doesn't have SNS neurons, but responds to epi/NE that circulate in blood
- can't release glucose into blood!

Front 17

Increased glycogenolysis in adipose

Back 17

- SNS
- b1

Front 18

Increased gluconeogenesis in liver

Back 18

- SNS
- a1, b2

Front 19

Decreased digestion: splanchnic vasoconstriction

Back 19

- SNS
- a1

Front 20

Decreased digestion: decreased motility and tone

Back 20

- SNS
- a1, a2, b2

Front 21

Decreased digestion: contract sphincters

Back 21

- SNS
- a1

Front 22

Decreased digestion: inhibit secretions

Back 22

- SNS
- a2

Front 23

Increased cardiac contractivity (positive inotropy)

Back 23

- SNS
- b1

Front 24

Increased conduction velocity (positive dromotrope)

Back 24

- SNS
- b1

Front 25

Increased heart rate (positive chronotrope)

Back 25

- SNS
- b1

Front 26

Increased sweating

Back 26

- SNS
- a1, muscarinic

Front 27

Increased respiration (bronchodilation)

Back 27

- SNS
- b2
- relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscle

Front 28

Mydriasis (dilate pupil: contract radial smooth muscle)

Back 28

- SNS
- a1

Front 29

Relax ciliary muscle of the eye (far vision)

Back 29

- SNS
- b2

Front 30

Decreased insulin secretion

Back 30

- SNS
- a2

Front 31

Decreased insulin sensitivity

Back 31

- SNS
- a1, b1, b2

Front 32

Increased cellular respiration (increased oxygen consumption)

Back 32

- SNS
- a1, b1, b2

Front 33

Increased peripheral vasoconstriction

Back 33

- SNS
- a1, a2

Front 34

Increased renin release (from JG cells)

Back 34

- SNS
- b1

- causes vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone, increased NE production from postganglionic neurons

Front 35

Effects of giving atropine or glycopyrrolate

Back 35

- blocks muscarinic receptors
- like giving NE (block PNS, stimulate SNS)

Front 36

Effects of giving hexamethonium or high doses of nicotine

Back 36

- blocks nicotinic receptors on autonomic ganglia

Front 37

Effects of giving curare

Back 37

- blocks nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle only
- causes relaxation

Front 38

Relaxation of bladder wall (detrusor m.)

Back 38

- SNS
- b2

Front 39

Contraction of bladder IUS

Back 39

- SNS
- a1

Front 40

Contraction of bladder wall (detrusor m.)

Back 40

- PNS
- M3

Front 41

Relaxation of bladder IUS

Back 41

- PNS
- M4

Front 42

Effect of anticholinesterases

Back 42

- exaggerate PNS effects (decrease heart rate, constrict pupil, increase gut motility/secretion)

- short-term meds can treat myasthenia gravis (caused by decreased ACh receptors, decreased ACh, increased AChE)

- long-term: muscular spasms, neuromuscular blockade

Front 43

What is clonidine?

Back 43

- stimulates a2 receptors on axon terminal of presynaptic neurons, which decreases cAMP --> decreases TH activity --> decreases NE production

- give as pre-anesthetic, or to treat hypertension

Front 44

Presynaptic a2 receptors

Back 44

- decrease cAMP, which decreases NE production/secretion

Front 45

Presynaptic angiotensin II receptor subtype AT1b

Back 45

- increases cAMP, which increases NE production/secretion

Front 46

Presynaptic b2 receptors

Back 46

- increase cAMP, which increases NE production/secretion

Front 47

Presynaptic M2 receptors

Back 47

- decrease cAMP, which decreases NE production/secretion

Front 48

Presynaptic H3 (histamine) receptors

Back 48

- decrease cAMP, which decreases NE production/secretion

Front 49

What is isoproterenol?

Back 49

- synthetic catecholamine, better beta-stimulator than epi or NE (but not as good at alpha receptors)

Front 50

Increased glucagon secretion

Back 50

- SNS
- b2

Front 51

Contract ciliary muscle and sphincter of iris (near vision)

Back 51

- PNS
- M3

Front 52

Dopamine stimulation of D1 and D5 receptors

Back 52

- increased cAMP

Front 53

Dopamine stimulation of D2, D3, D4 receptors

Back 53

- decreased cAMP

Front 54

IV DA for traumatic/cardiogenic shock

Back 54

- D1 receptors: renal/mesenteric vasodilation

- B1 receptors: increase inotropic behavior of heart

Front 55

Muscarinic receptors in the brain

Back 55

- M1, M4, M5
- usually stimulatory

Front 56

Muscarinic receptors in the heart (SA node)

Back 56

- M2
- inhibitory

Front 57

Muscarinic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells

Back 57

- M3, M4
- stimulatory