Physiology--> Exam 1 Ailments/questions

Front 1

Acetylcholamine is the sole transmitter where?

Back 1

Skeletal muscle

Front 2

Glutamate is the major ________ transmitter in the _________?

Back 2

Excitatory; CNS

Front 3

GABA is the main ___________ transmitter?

Back 3

Inhibitory

Front 4

Transmitters that use ICR(ion channel receptors)?

Back 4

Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

Front 5

Transmitters that use GPCR (G-protein coupled receptors?

Back 5

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Histadine
Glutamate
Adenosine

Front 6

Saltatory conduction occurs in _______________________ where _____________channels are restricted to nodes of Ranvier.

Back 6

myelinated axons; Na+

Front 7

The absolute refractory period following an action potential is due to increased K+ conductance as well as _____________.

Back 7

Resetting of the Na+ voltage channel.

Front 8

Prozac, a pharmaceutical used to treat depression, is one of a class of drugs called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). When taken it will cause _________ of transmission.

Back 8

Prolongation

Front 9

Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles requires ____________ signaling.

Back 9

Ca2+

Front 10

Following an action potential near the synaptic zone of a neuron, an EPSP is observed within 0.1 ms on the postsynaptic dendrite which is followed by an IPSP 1 ms later. The likely explanation is that there is __________.

Back 10

an electrical junction between them

Front 11

Location of ___________________can greatly effect synaptic efficacy while location of __________________ may well not be.

Back 11

synapses operating via ionotropic receptors; synapses operating via metabotropic receptors

Front 12

After years of research, investigators discovered a ligand-gated channel, U, which closes when transmitter W binds to it. When cells release W, EPSPs are observed. We can conclude that U is specific to __________________.

Back 12

K+

Front 13

Why is location of a ionotropic acting synapse is important?

Back 13

PSP decays over distance so the closer the synapse is to the initiation zone, the more impact it has.

Front 14

How is the Information Conveyed by an Axon Relayed to Other Neurons and to Effector Organs?

Back 14

The synapse

Front 15

A compartment (A) is filled with 500ml of 1M NaHCO3. An adjoining one (B) is filled with 500ml of distilled water. The two compartments are separated by a membrane which is only permeable to water. The osmolality of compartment A is _____________ Osm and we expect __________.

Back 15

1.0; water to flow from B to A

Front 16

When a cell is placed in a (an) ______ solution, it will take on water and _________.

Back 16

hypotonic; burst

Front 17

________________of integral membrane proteins interact with the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids.

Back 17

Nonpolar amino acids

Front 18

The relative ion permeability in a resting neuron is _________ .

Back 18

potassium>chloride>sodium

Front 19

Fick’s Law governs rate of _________________.

Back 19

facilitative diffusion. Diffusion rate of X=(concentration gradient of X)(Membrane permeability to X)(surface area)

Front 20

A neuron is at its resting potential. What would happen to Vm (transmembrane potential) if the potassium conductance would increase?

Back 20

It will increase, i.e. the cell will hyperpolarize.

Front 21

Membrane pores are regulated by?

Back 21

Diffusion. They are open most of the time, made of proteins, size also determines what will enter. aquaporins are an example

Front 22

Types of gated channels?

Back 22

Chemically gated
Voltage-gated
Pressure

Front 23

Chemically gated channel

Back 23

There is a specific binding of an intracellular and extracellular compound which opens or closes

Front 24

Voltage-gated Channel

Back 24

There is an electric voltage or charge that occurs to open or close

Front 25

Pressure gated channel

Back 25

Physical force is needed to open or close(ex: molecule in the way, so its closed)

Front 26

Carrier Proteins

Back 26

Molecule needs to attach to a carrier(bound into the cell membrane), once it does, the binding causes a conformational change that causes the open side(EFC) to close and the closed side(IFC) to open. As it(IFC) opens, it sets reduces the affinity for that molecule and releases it

Front 27

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 27

NO EXTERNAL ENERGY REQUIRED. Molecule wanting to get either to IFC or EFC needs to bind to another molecule(or protein floating freely) that allows it to permeate the cell membrane. The original molecule would be impermeable alone but with the carrier molecule it can penetrate the cell membrane.

Front 28

Active Transport

Back 28

o Moves molecules against the concentration gradient
o Energy needed(ATP)
o Transport like Facilitated(needs another molecule to hold onto to get through cell membrane)
Types:Primary, Secondary

Front 29

Primary Active Transport

Back 29

• Transporter of ATPases (hydrolize ATP to ADP and P)
Ex: Na-K pump
1..3 Na+ inside cell attaches to carrier(open to ICF)
2..ATP converted to ADP and carrier is phosphorylated-closes carrier
3.. Causes conformational change and opens to ECF
4.. 2 K+ binds to carrier--closes
5.. Carrier dephosphorylated and K+ released into ICF

Front 30

Secondary Active Transport

Back 30

Relies on energy stored in concentration gradient of one molecule to drive another against its gradient. Energy received from moving down gradient is used to move up gradient. Example SGLT (sodium-glucose)

Front 31

Sodium glucose active transporter(SGLT)

Back 31

1)Carrier open in ECF and Na+ binds to it
2)Na+ binding makes a site for glucose
3)Glucose binding changes conformation
4) carrier opens into ICF and dumps Na+ then glucose into cytosol

Front 32

Periodic paralysis

Back 32

Na+ skeletal muscle Na+channel mutation. Channelopathy

Front 33

Malignant hyperpyrexia

Back 33

Ca2+ hypermetabolic state triggered by anethetics (Ca2+ channel mutation). Someone never under anesthesia, you don’t know how they’ll react
Channelopathy

Front 34

Cystic fibrosis

Back 34

Cl- exocrine function of epithelial cell is aberrant (thick mucous produced in lungs for example) due to defective Cl- channels.

Front 35

Epilepsy

Back 35

Na+ seizures are, in some form of the disease, caused by mutation in one of the Na+ channel

Front 36

A neuron is a t its resting potential. What would happen to Vm(transmembrane potential) if the potassium conductance would increase?

Back 36

It will increase, ie the cell will hyperpolarize—Na will move out and the cell transmembrane potential will get larger and hyperplolarize.

Front 37

Myasthenia gravis

Back 37

The Nicotinic Ach Receptor-->the receptor for Acetalcholine. Autoimmune disease with antibodies against the receptor that the transmitter needs. Nicotine causes this

Front 38

The Nicotinic Ach Receptor-->the receptor for Acetalcholine.

Back 38

Ionotropic.
Na+ & K+ channel. Na+ current> K+ current
Agonists: nicotine
Antagonist: curare, α-bungarotoxin

Front 39

During muscle contraction which parts of the sarcomere change shape?

Back 39

I band and H zone

Front 40

If I cut the sarcomere at the arrow, I’ll see an array of _________.

Back 40

thin filaments

Front 41

Shortly after death, muscle is depleted of ATP and rigor mortis (stiff) sets in. What stage of cross-bridge cycle is the muscle in?

Back 41

Attached state

Front 42

_______repolarizes smooth muscle following an action potential.

Back 42

Increased K+ conductance

Front 43

What’s a motor unit?

Back 43

Population of muscle fibers receiving contact from a single motor neuron

Front 44

Tetanic contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber results from a cumulative increase in the intracellular concentration of which of the following:

Back 44

Ca2+