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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the body composed of?
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Water-70%
Lipids-all insoluble in polar solvents Proteins-long chains of amino acids Carbs-monosacs, disacs, and polysacs |
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What are character traits of water?
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•Polar molecule-dipole moment
•It bonds-adhesive •Good solvent •Buffers PH change |
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What are the three types of carbohydrates?
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1.Monosaccharides-gluclose, galactose, fructose, Ribose, DNA
2.Disaccharides-sucrose, lactose, maltose 3.Polysacs-glycogen, starch, cellulose |
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What are Lipids?
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•Diverse set of molecules-all insoluble in polar solvents
•Fatty acids-saturated and unsaturated. |
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What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
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•Saturated-long, linear simple bonds.
•Unsaturated- double bonds, can be bent and changed geometrically. o‘cis’-don’t stack up nicely o‘trans’-bend then continue |
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Triglyceride
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-can concert to phospholipids by adding phosphate group and dropping glyceride-polar and nonpolar sides to it
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Micelle
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-when phosopholipids all alignin water, fatty acids on one side-creayes lipid bilyaer
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Hydrocarbon rings
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-partially water soluble, diffuse through plasma membrane
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Plasma membrane
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-lipid bilayer around the cell that separates the call from surroundings
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Nucleus
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-contained by another lipid bilayer-DNA stored
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What is the purpose of microvilli/microfilament
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Increase surface area
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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continous form the nucleus, ROUGH-proteins are made, contains ribosomes, SMOOTH-series of canals-no ribos
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Golgi
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-processing of new proteins from the ER, modifies the protein
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Lysosome
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-breaks down proteins
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Cytoskeleton
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-holds cell together
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Actin-
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in the cell, gives it shape/structure
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How is protein made?
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DNA->RNA->Proteins
Transcription-DNA->RNA in nucleus Translation-RNA->protein, reads RNA’s info and arranges in the ER/cytoplasm |
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What is Abumin?
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Main protein in egg white/cows milk?
Mainly in blood plasma Diverse # of amino acids Water soluble |
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Enzyme functions
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Strutctural-actin
Catalyst in chmical reaction Transport-hemoglobin |
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What is a catalyst?
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Molecule that increases rate of reaction
Doesn’t change the nature of the reaction and is not changed itself Saves energy/time |
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What are the two conformation theories of enzymes?
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Lock and key-long chain folded on to itself, structure determines active sites
Induced Fit-active sites don’t match exactly, enzyme changes shape a little to allow bonding |
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Dissociation rate
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-how fast the enzyme is released, makes distinct new products
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Metabolism
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-any reaction that involves energy transfer
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Respiration
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-specific reaction of glucose w/ o2
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What are the three stages of cell respiration?
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1.glycolysis-in the cytoplasm
2.Krebs cycle-in the mitochondria 3.electron transport-mitochondria |
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What are the different germ layers?
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1.ectoderm-skin, nervous, tissue
2.mesoderm-muscles, organs 3.endoderm-gut, lungs |
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Gastrolation
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-early embro-when cells start to differentiate
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Biastocyst
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-‘hollow ball of cells’ pushing of cells into empty space, don’t have specific fate yet
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Nerulation
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formation of the neural crest and neural tube
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What is spinabifida
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Incomplete closure of the neural tube-dorsal
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What is anencephaly?
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Incompletion of neural closure-anterior
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Where do the neural cells come from
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Ectoderm –external- skin, hair, nails
Crest-schwann cells, teeth, pigment, face, cartilage Tube- brain, motor neurons, spinal cord, pituitary |
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Schwann cells-
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wraps around axon and myelinates axon in PNS
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What are the three types of neurons?
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1.motor neurons-impulses from brain to organs to muscles
2.sensory neurons-from receptors to the CNS 3.interneurons- btwn neurons, only in CNS |
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What are the two types of motor neurons?
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1.somatic-voluntary, skeletal movement
2.autonomic-involuntary, symp and parasymp-smooth musles, cardiac, and gands |
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What are the support cells for the CNS?
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-Obligodendrites-form myelin, axon guidance
-microglia-phagoscytosis -astrocytes-connect, feed, support, protect, responsible for blood brain barrier -epedymal-line the ventricles of the brain and SC-produce CSF(stem cells) |
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What are the support cells for the PNS?
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-Schwann cells-make myelin
-satellite cells-support cell bodies in ganglion |
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What are the three types of PNS nervous tissue?
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-sensory
-somatic -autonomic--sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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What are the different nerve pairs in the PNS and how many are there?
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cranial-12
cervical-8 thoracic-12 lumbar-5 sacral-5 coccygeal-1 |
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What is the main differance between somatic and autonomic?
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-somatic has one internueron->spinal cord->tissue
-auto has pre and postganglionic=two motor neurons |
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What organs do the auto and somatic stimulate?
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A-cariac, smooth, glands
S-skeltel |
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What ganlia do the auto and somatic stimulate?
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A-paravertbral-along vertebra
collateral-away from vert terminal-sits in organ S-none |
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how many connecting nuerons are associated with the auto and somatic?
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S-one
A-two |
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What effect do the auto and somatic have?
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S-excited
A-excite and inhibit |
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What types of neurons do the auto and somatic have?
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S-fast, thick, mylinated
A-slow, thin, non/partial mylination |
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Where is the sympathetic?
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t1-l2
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What is the adrenal medulla?
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-secretes epinephreine
-sits ontop of the kidney |
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What does the Preganlionic secrete?
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ACh
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What does the Postganglionic secrete?
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Norepi
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What is the difference between grey and white ramus?
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white is mylinated,branches from the spinal cord
grey is not myelinated, after the synapse. |
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What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?
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cortex-from the mesodermal tissue, secretes steroid hormone
medulla-secretes epi, from neural crest-ectoderm (innervated by postgagnlionic tissue) |
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What are the functions of the sympathetic system?
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-heart rate increases
-vascuar smooth muscle, incrased blood pressure->vessle constriction -lungs-increased resp rate -liver-increased blood gluclose -skeletal muslcle vessel dialation-due to ACh -Adrenal gland-increase of epi into the blood -erector pili-hair stands up,sweat secretion -dilitation of pupils -CNS stimulated |
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What are the parasym ganglia like?
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-post gangli is very short
-use terminal ganlia to synapse. -both pre and post use ACh |
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Where is the parasym?
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-brain and sacral nerves
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alpha 1
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aderginic receptor responsible for vaso constriction of blood vessels in skin, gastro and kidney
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alpha 2
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aderginic receptor responsible for pancreas-inhibits insulin release, stimulates glucagon release
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beta 1
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aderginic receptor responsible for increase heart rate
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beta 2
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aderginic receptor responsible for vasodilitaion in skeletal muscles-->increases lung capacity
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beta 3
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aderginic receptor responsible for lipolysis in fat tissue->more glucose in blood
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What are the affects of beta blockers?
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B1-decrease heart rate->casuing decrease in blood pressure
B2-decrease in lung capacity->creates ashmatic symptoms -mainly used after heart attck -increased sympatetic innervation in damaged tissues |
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Which has a more specific, localized response-para or symp?
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-parasympatetic
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What are the anataganistic functions of the para?
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-constricted pupils
-reduced heart rate -constriction of resp pathway |
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What are the stimuatory functions of the para?
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-stimulate digestive glands
-stimulate hormones secretion for nutrition absorption -smooth muscle activity along digestive tract -contraction of bladder and colon -sexual arousal |
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What are the two types of Cholinergic receptors and what do they do?
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-in the para and receive ACH
-nicotenic -muscritnic |
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what are nicotinic receptors?
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-in the para, receive Ach
-5 subunits come together to create a pore in membrane. -the pore opens and charged ions come in -used in skeletal, agaglia, and CNS |
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what NT is stimulated by nicotine?
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dopamine
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dual innervation
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multiple bulbs in axon
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what are nuclei(in respect to SC)
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-centers(cell bodies) with visible anatomical boundaries
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what are the three sections of the brain that form from the nueral tube?
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forebrain,midbrain, and hindbrain
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WHat are the five parts of the brain that comes from the development of the neural tubes?
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telecephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, pons/cerebellum, and medulla
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The telencepalon and diencepalon become ___________ in the adult brain.
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Cerebrum-higher thought processes and personality
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What are the thalamus and hypothalamus responsible for?
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endocrine system, hormones
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Pituitary gland
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growth control, sex ccharacteristics, metabolism
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What is the mid brain responsible for?
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-dopamine nuerons
motor functions limbic system emotions,behavior, arousal |
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What are the three parts of the hindbrain and what do they do?
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Medulla-ANS and breathing
Pons-relay center for SC and higher level thinking,breathing, dreaming Cerebellum-motor coordination and muscle memory |
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What are the four sections of the cerebrum and what do they do?
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-frontal-personality, intellect,making decisions
-parietal-sensory input, voluntary muscle control -temporal-memory of patterns, sensory, auditory -occipital-vision, optic nerves |
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what are the meninges?
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-tissue covering the CNS-dura mater, anachnoid, pia mater
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Meningitis
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-inflammation of the tissue, comes through blood system-can be bacterial, viral, and fungal
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gyrus
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bumps
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sulcus
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fissures
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contra lateral control
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right side controlled by left brain
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cerebral lateralization
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right-simple language, spacial concepts, left visual
left-speech, writing, language, calculations, right visual |
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cerebral dominance
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bias towards one side of the brain-often compared to our abilities like what hand we write with
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Where is motor control in the brain?
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frontal/parietal lobe
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glutamate
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50% of all NT
-usually excitatory -associated with learning/memory -may be related to epileptic seizures |
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GABA
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Major inhibitory NT
-receptors hypernuetralize neurons -alcohol mimics GABA |
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barbiturates
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-GABA
-anticonvlusing agent, muscle relaxant, lethal injection |
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Acetylcholine
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-CNS and PNS
-often inhibits in ANS -excites muslces by depolarizing them-contractions |
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Botox
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Neurotoxin from bacterial pathogen
-degrades protein needed for vesicle docking -inhibits over active ACh neurons and relaxes muscles |
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Norepinephrine
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stress hormone, circulates through body
-fight or flight -ANS-smooth muscle, cardiac -CNS-behavioral arousal,attention -->speed and meth |
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dopamine
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mainly in CNS
-involved in motor control -emotional reward, behavior-->sex, drugs, food associated with bipolar and manics |
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Neurotransmitters
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-made in presynaptic cell-cell body
-# of nts released-># of APs discrete qualities in vesicles |
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seratonin
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involved in mood, sleep and appetite
-low levels often lead to depression, anziety, agressive behvior -antidepressants-inhibit reuptake LSD and shrooms attach to receptors |
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what are the main parts of the limbic system?
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hypothalmus-food, fear, sex
septal nucleus-pleasure and addiction hippocampus-long term memory amygdala-fear,rage, aggression olfactory bulb-smell |
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what are the four main brain waves?
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alpha-awake, eyes close
beta-mental activity and REM sleep Theta-stress, anxiety Delta-non-REM sleep |
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Aphasia
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sppech or language disorder-casued by brain damage
brocas-slurred speech wernickes-can form words, but jumbled-affects hearing and vision |
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Ataxia
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loss of coordination
-trauma to motor cortex or cerebellum associated with Parkinson's |
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endoytosis
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pinching and sending back into the cell
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mitochondria
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-in the cell, has own DNA
-makes its own protein -most of cells energy produced here. -has two cell membranes |
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glycolosis
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needs o2-if none lactic acid
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kreb's cycle
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-enters mito as pyruvic acid
3NADH,CO2 and ATP produced, byproducts are CO2and H2O |
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negative feedback loop
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effectors work against eachother
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gap junctions
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fused along the membrane, fusing of the cells
shares cytoplasm |
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paracrine
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type of cell signaling
using molecules to signal, local/nearby |
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endocrine
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type of cell signaling- glands in brain, long lasting
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what is resting membrane potential?
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-70Mv
Na outside of cell, K inside, more negative on the inside |
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At -55Mv ?
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-Na channels open-goes into the cell. INside becomes more positive
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At 0Mv
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K channels open and goes out of the cell
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at 35Mv
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Na channels close
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How does Na and K contribute to APs
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Starts out with K on inside and Na on outside-more neg on inside
-Na rushes in, causing more positive in cell. -K channels open and go out. -NA Channels close -gets too negative, then K close, causing the cell to even out again. |
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'all or none' law
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-all of the signal or none at all
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how is the AP measured?
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-frequenct-not strength of the impulse
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refractory period
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how long it takes for the AP to reset itself-->during hyperpolarization
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inhibitory neurons
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hyperpolarize membrane potential-inhibit channels and pumps.
-inhibit realease of NT(release,removal,receptors) |
