Physiology Drugs

Front 1

Botulinum toxin (botox)

Back 1

Mechanism: Prevents Ach release into symaptic cleft by block exocytosis

Hint 1

Effect: Weakening of the muscle and eventual paralysis, treats focal distonias, torticollis, wrinkles, hyperhydrosis (sweating), strabismus (double vision), Blepharospasms (eye twitch)

Front 2

Edrophonium

Back 2

Mechanism: Reversible Anti-cholinesterase, short-term inhibition of AchE at the synaptic junction thus prolonging the effects of Ach

Hint 2

Can diagnose MG and Eaton Lambert, too short-acting to be used as treatment

Front 3

Neostigmine

Back 3

Mechanism: Reversible Anti-cholinesterase, prevents degradation of Ach in the synaptic cleft by AchE

Hint 3

Treats MG, Eaton Lambert

Front 4

Physostigmine

Back 4

Mechanism: Reversible Anti-cholinesterase, prevents AchE from breaking down synaptic Ach - can also cross BBB (so treats atropine poisoning)

Hint 4

Treats Glaucoma (topical).
Reversal of anticholinergic toxicity or induced paralysis in surgery.

Front 5

Reversible Anti-cholinesterases

Back 5

Edrophonium, Neostigmine, Pheostigmine

Hint 5

prolong receptor exposure to Ach by preventing it's degradation in the synaptic cleft by AchE

Front 6

Irreversible Anti-Cholinesterase

Back 6

Parathion

Hint 6

Used in nerve gas and pesticide to induce respiratory paralysis

Front 7

Neuromuscular nicotinic agonists

Back 7

Succinylcholine - depolarization blockade at neuromuscular jcn

Hint 7

Ach induced desensitization due to over-stimulation causes temporary muscle paralysis, useful during short procedures

Front 8

Succinylcholine

Back 8

Mechanism: neuromuscular nicotinic agonist:

Hint 8

Binds nicotinic receptor but is less susceptible to AchE degradation and thus over-stimulates the receptor causing brief paralysis due to desensitization - used pre-surgery

Front 9

Neuromuscular nicotinic antagonists

Back 9

Pancuronium - non-depolarizing competetive inhibitor

Hint 9

No depolarization means no contractions so flaccid paralysis - useful during surgery, long-acting

Front 10

Pancuronium

Back 10

Neuromuscular nicotinic antagonist - non-depolarizing competetive inhibitor, competes for Ach binding spots and prevents action potential

Hint 10

Flaccid paralysis for surgery

Front 11

Muscarinic agonists

Back 11

Ach, Pilocarpine, Methacholine, bethanacol

Hint 11

Pilocarpine (2x) and Methacholine (3x) are much more resistant to AchE and thus increase parasympathetic effects of Ach binding to Muscarinic receptors. Bethanacol is selective for muscarinic (won't effect nicotinic) so most useful systemically

Front 12

Pilocarpine

Back 12

muscarinic agonist - resists degradation by AchE thus prolonging parasympathetic responses

Hint 12

Glaucoma (applied topically to avoid side effects) and Sjrogens (dry mouth) by decreasing intra-ocular pressure and increasing salivation/ secretions

Front 13

Methacholine

Back 13

resistant to AchE degradation thus serves as a strong muscarinic agonist

Hint 13

Bronchoconstriction - Diagnose but not treat asthma (actually exacerbates symptoms)

Front 14

Bethanacoll

Back 14

Exclusive affinity for muscarinic receptors, won't bind nicotinic so useful as agonist post-surgery

Hint 14

Post-surgery clearing of bladder, stimulation of GI motility

Front 15

Uses of Atropine

Back 15

decreases SLUDGE - salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis (sweating), GI tract motility, emisis (vomiting)

Increases: pupil dilation, blood pressure

Hint 15

Can be used as treatment against parasympathetics OR can be poison (kids eating shiny red berries) - side effects include: cardiac arrhythmias, raised intraocular pressure, tachycardia,
constipation, xerostomia and blurred vision

Front 16

Muscarinic antagonist

Back 16

Atropine - causes sympathetic symptoms

Hint 16

increased HR (tachycardia), decreased urination, pupil dilation

Front 17

Indirect adrenergeci agonist - Inhibitors of Catecholamine storage

Back 17

Amphetamine, PseudoEphedrine

Front 18

Amphetamine

Back 18

Release NorE, block re-uptake of NorE, weak MAO inhibitor

Hint 18

treats ADHD and narcolepsy, commonly abused as recreational drug - ecstacy/ MDMA

Front 19

Pseudoephedrine

Back 19

Indirect Alpha & Beta agonist - Releases all stored catecholamines (Mainly NorE) from vesicles to synaptic termina

Hint 19

CNS stimulation and nasal/sinus decongestant

Front 20

Inhibitor of Catecholamine metabolism

Back 20

Iproniazid - MAO inhibitor, prevents re-uptake of NorE

Hint 20

treats depression but must NOT be used with tyramine containing foods (wine, cheese) because this also releases NorE thus there would be massive wave of sympathetics and emergency hypertensive crisis

Front 21

Iproniazid

Back 21

MAO inhibitor - increases effects of sympathetics (agonist) by preventing breakdown and recycling of NorE

Hint 21

treats depression - must avoid Tyramine containing foods because these release NorE too (too much norE=hypertension)

Front 22

tricyclic antidepressants

Back 22

imipramine - very non-specific but increases NorE in CNS

Hint 22

block 5HT re-uptake (as well as several receptors)

Front 23

catecholamine re-uptake blockers

Back 23

Cocaine, imipramine

Hint 23

Cocaine blocks NET and stops re-uptake of Dopamine and Serotonin (thus the fun effects) - highly addictive drug - cravings caused by depletion of DA from dopaminergic nerve terminals

Front 24

Imipramine

Back 24

Blocks NorE Transport (NET) to increase it in the CNS

Hint 24

antidepressant, can also cause cardiac arrythmias

Front 25

Non-selective Alpha and Beta agonists

Back 25

Oxymetazoline - vasoconstrictor - increases peripheral resistance and blood pressure but no direct effect on heart due to carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex

Hint 25

nasal decongestion and opthalmic hyperemia - can cause hypertension

Front 26

Oxymetazoline

Back 26

Non-selective alpha and beta agonist - vasoconstrictor

Hint 26

Used to treat nasal congestion and high eye pressure

Front 27

Alpha 1 agonist

Back 27

Phenylephrine - increases vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle

Hint 27

emergency treatment of shock and nasal decongestion

Front 28

Alpha 2 agonist

Back 28

Clonidine - decreases sympathetic outflow (Gi-inhibitory)

Hint 28

treats hypertension and drug withdrawal

Front 29

Phenylephrine

Back 29

Alpha 1 agonist - vasoconstriction

Hint 29

treats shock and nasal congestion

Front 30

Clonidine

Back 30

Alpha 2 agonist - decreases sympathetic output, lowers vasoconstriction

Hint 30

treats hypertension and drug withdrawal

Front 31

Non-specific Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 antagonists

Back 31

Phenoxybenzamine (irreversible) and phentolamine (reversible) - inhibits sympathetics

Hint 31

treat pheochromocytoma

Front 32

Phenoxybenzamine

Back 32

irreversible due to covalent binding - inhibits sympathetics

Hint 32

treat pheochromocytoma

Front 33

phentolamine

Back 33

reversible non-specific alpha1/alpha2 antagonist, inhibits sympathetics

Hint 33

treat pheochromocytoma

Front 34

Tamsulosin

Back 34

alpha 1 antagonist - selective for smooth muscle of genitourinary tract (alpha 1a)

Hint 34

treats BPH specifically

Front 35

Prazulosin

Back 35

alpha 1 antagonist - non-selective

Hint 35

used to treat BPH

Front 36

Beta 1 agonist

Back 36

Dobutamine - increases contractility to increase total cardiac output

Hint 36

acute heart failure

Front 37

Dobutamine

Back 37

Beta 1 agonist - increases contractility and total cardiac output

Hint 37

acute heart failure

Front 38

Alpha 1 antagonists

Back 38

Prazulosin & Tamsulosin

Hint 38

treat BPH

Front 39

Beta 2 agonist

Back 39

Albuterol - bronchodilator

Hint 39

treats acute asthma - short acting

Front 40

Albuterol

Back 40

Beta 2 agonist - bronchodilation

Hint 40

treat acute asthma - short acting

Front 41

Non-selective beta blocker (B1 antagonist)

Back 41

Propanalol

Hint 41

was used to treat hypertension but replaced now by more selective beta blockers due to side effects including severe bronchoconstriction

Front 42

Propanolol

Back 42

non-selective beta 1 antagonist (blocker)

Hint 42

was used to treat hypertension but replaced now by more selective beta blockers due to side effects including severe bronchoconstriction

Front 43

Atenolol

Back 43

Selective Beta 1 antagonist (blocker)

Hint 43

treats hypertension with fewer side effects for people with COPD and diabetes

Front 44

Selective beta 1 antagonist (blocker)

Back 44

Atenolol

Hint 44

safer treatment for hypertension

Front 45

Partial Beta 1 and Beta 2 antagonism

Back 45

Pindolol - dulls sympathetic response by competitively binding receptor (prevents NorE from binding)

Hint 45

hypertension

Front 46

Pindolol

Back 46

Partial blockage of Beta 1 and Beta 2 - through partial stimulation but prevention of NorE binding and causing full effect it dulls the sympathetic response

Hint 46

hypertension