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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy production from Glucose
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Summary of Energy Production in Aerobic Metabolism
Glycolysis * Glucose metabolised to pyruvate (x 2 molecules) * 4 ATP formed, 2 used * 2 ATP net production * 2 NADH produced (6 ATP via ETC) * ATP produced = 2 ATP + 6 ATP in between * Pyruvate converted to acetyl coA * 2 NADH formed from 2 pyruvates * 2 NADH produced (6 ATP via ETC) Citric Acid Cycle * Each molecule of pyruvate forms a molecule of Acetyl CoA for subsequent entry into the cycle - see above * Each revolution of cycle produces 1 ATP (?via GTP) * therefore, 2 revolutions per glucose molecule, so 2 ATP * 2 revolutions produce 6 NADH (18 ATP via ETC), 2 FADH2 (4 ATP via ETC) In total, for every glucose * Glycolysis = 2 ATP * Citric Acid Cycle = 2 ATP * ETC = 34 ATP (6 via glycolysis, 6 via pyruvate to acetyl coA, 22 via Citric Acid Cycle) |
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What is facilitated transport?
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Facilitate transport is a form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins across a membrane.
All polar molecules are transported across membranes by proteins that form transmembrane channels. These channels are gated so they can open and close, thus regulating the flow of ions or small polar molecules. Larger molecules are transported by transmembrane carrier proteins, such as permeases that change their conformation as the molecules are carried through, for example glucose or amino acids. eg. glucose absorption in the gut. |
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What is diffusion?
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Diffusion is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion.
the diffusion process will eventually result in complete mixing or a state of equilibrium Mathematicly described by Fick's Law |
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What is active transport?
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directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane
usually against a concentration or electro gradient examples Na K ATPase H ATPase Ca ATPase |
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What is secondary active transport?
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In secondary active transport, in contrast to primary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead, the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used.
The two main forms of this are counter-transport (antiport) and co-transport (symport). Co-transporter : Na and glucose symporter in proximal tubule and small bowel Antiporter : Na Ca antiporter in cardiac myocytes, HCO- Cl- antiporter in RBC |
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What is autoregulation
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Autoregulation is a specific form of homeostasis used to describe the tendency of any organ to keep blood flow constant when blood pressure varies.
Kidneys primarily concerned with maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. There are two main techniques by which renal autoregulation is maintained: * Myogenic mechanism: as blood flow increases, the afferent arterioles are stretched, they contract, and subsequently reduce blood flow * Tubuloglomerular feedback: the macula densa "senses" the blood pressure and causes vasoconstriction Cerebral and Heart -myogenic mechanisms -metabolic mechanism (unclear, but may well be coupled to end products of metabolism : K+, H+, adenosine, ADP, hypoxia, hypercapnia) |
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What is resting membrane potential? How is it generated?
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Resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground, value of transmembrane voltage of all cells. It is an important feature of excitable cells : neuronal and some secretory cells.
all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion pumps, exchangers, and transporters. Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points - for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. |
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What is the Nernst Equation? Can you apply it to any particular ions?
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used to calculate the potential of an ion of charge z across a membrane
at thermodynamic equilibrium (constant temp and no NET movement of ions). This potential is determined using the concentration of the ion both inside and outside the cell. The potential across the cell membrane that exactly opposes net diffusion of a particular ion through the membrane is called the Nernst potential for that ion. |
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What is the Goldman Equation?
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Determine the potential across a cell's membrane taking into account all of the ions that are permeant through that membrane.
Similar to Nernst Equation, however it includes all the ions, their concentrations and their permability. allows one to calculate the predicted membrane potential for any set of specified permeabilities. If one wanted to calculate the peak voltage of an action potential, one would simply substitute the permeabilities that are present at that time. |
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What is Boyles Law
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Constant temperature. Isothermal process.
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume |
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What is Charles Law
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Pressure is constant. Isobaric process.
Volume is proportional to pressure. |
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What is the 3rd Gas Law
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Volume is constant. Isochoric process.
Pressure is proportional to temperature |
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What is the Universal Gas Law
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PV=nRT
Describes the behaviour of many gases under many conditions. It neglects both molecular size and intermolecular attractions |
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What is Adiabatic Expansion
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Isocaloric process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat is transferred to or from the working fluid
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What is Dalton's Law
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states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture
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What is Avogadro's law
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Equal volumes of ideal or perfect gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of particles, or molecules.
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What is Critical Temperature
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Is it the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified despite how much pressure is applied
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What is Pseudocritical temperature?
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It is the specific temperature at which a mixture of gases will separate into its constituents.
Eg. Entonox -5.5degC into Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen |
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Acclimatisation to altitude
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Process by which tolerance and performance are improved over a period of hours to weeks after an individual rises from low to high areas.
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Adaptation to altitude
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describes the physiological and genetic changes of permanant residents of high altitude compared to lowlanders.
Respiratory Difference -PaCO2 is low and Va is high but not as much as acclimatised individual at same height. -due to greater diffusing capacity : greater SA and number of alveoli and associated capillaries (in utero effect, no geneticly passed on). Blood -polycaemia, 23g/L increased oxygen content of arterial bood Cardiovascular -increased vascularity of heart and striated muscles |
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Addiction
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addiction is a state in which the body depends on a substance for normal functioning and may occur along with physical dependence, as in drug addiction
it is associated with tolerance, dependence and withdrawal |
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Withdrawl
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describe the group of symptoms that occurs upon the abrupt discontinuation/separation or a decrease in dosage of the intake of certain medications, recreational drugs, and/or alcohol
Behavioral : craving, agitation, aggression Homestatic disturbances -nausea -vomting -diarrhoea -sweating -delerium |
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Tolerance
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when a subject's reaction to a drug (such as an opiate painkiller, benzodiazepine or other psychotropic drug) decreases[1] so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect
Psychological tolerance Vs Physical Tolerance |
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Tachyphylaxis
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rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated doses over a short period of time
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