Physiology Chpt 18 (Test Iii)

Front 1

The Nervous and Endocrine Systems are the body's what?

Back 1

Regulatory Systems

Front 2

What does the Nervous System transmit electrical impulses to? (general answer)

Back 2

Skeletal muscles and exocrine glands

Front 3

An exocrine gland is a gland with what?

Back 3

Ducts

Front 4

Why could you describe the N.S. as "wired"?

Back 4

-it sends electrical signals thru distinct, highly organized pathways
-these pathways are CONNECTED

Front 5

What does the Endocrine System do?

Back 5

Secretes hormones (chemical messengers) into the circulating blood to distant sites in the body.
-the glands are not connected like N.S., they are scattered throughout the body

Front 6

Unlike the N.S., the Endocrine system does not require what?

Back 6

Close proximity

Front 7

Use one, general term to describe the anatomy of the NS verses the ES?

Back 7

NS= "wired"

ES= "wireless"

Front 8

The messenger of the NS and the messenger of the ES?

Back 8

NS= NT

ES= hormone

Front 9

The distance of action for the NS verses the ES?

Back 9

NS= Short

ES= Long via blood

Front 10

The specificity of the NS verses the ES?

Back 10

NS= proximity to target

ES= target cell

Front 11

The body's response speed to signals sent from the NS verses the ES?

Back 11

NS= Rapid (msec)

ES= Slow (min to hr)

Front 12

The duration of action for the NS verses the ES?

Back 12

NS= Brief (msec)

ES= Long (min+)

Front 13

The major functions of the NS verses the ES?

Back 13

NS= Rapid, precise fcn

ES= Long duration

Front 14

Does the NS or ES have influence over other systems?

Back 14

Yes, both the NS and ES have influence over other systems.

Front 15

Are the NS and ES totally seperate systems?

Back 15

No, there is overlap
-they interconnect STRUCTURALLY at times
-they work together FUNCTIONALLY sometimes
-just easier to think of them as distinct

Front 16

The endocrine system consist of "?" glands?

Back 16

ductless

Front 17

The glands of the endocrine system are not connected how?

Back 17

anatomically

Front 18

Since the glands of the ES are not connected anatomically how do they transmit their messengers? (general)

Back 18

-secrete hormones into blood
-hormone travels in blood to signal distant target cells

Front 19

Neurosecretory neurons are good examples of what?

Back 19

The overlap between the NS and ES

Front 20

Neurosecretory neurons release what?

Back 20

Neurohormones
-distributed into blood, to target cells

Front 21

Give example of hormones released by neurosecretory neurons?

Back 21

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
-stimulation is nervous although they are released by the ES

Front 22

What are target cells specific for? How?

Back 22

Each hormone or neurohormone
-via cellular receptors that uniquely bind to a specific chemical messenger

Front 23

Is the pineal endocrine, mixed,or uncertain?

Back 23

uncertain function

Front 24

Is the hypothalamus just endocrine or mixed?

Back 24

mixed function

Front 25

Is the pituitary endocrine or mixed?

Back 25

solely endocrine

Front 26

Is the parathyroid endocrine or mixed?

Back 26

solely endocrine

Front 27

Is the thyroid endocrine or mixed?

Back 27

solely endocrine

Front 28

Is the thymus endocrine or mixed?

Back 28

mixed function

Front 29

Is the heart endocrine or mixed?

Back 29

mixed function

Front 30

Is the stomach endocrine or mixed?

Back 30

mixed function

Front 31

Is the adrenal gland endocrine or mixed?

Back 31

endocrine only

Front 32

Is the pancreas endocrine or mixed?

Back 32

mixed function

Front 33

Is the Duodenum endocrine or mixed?

Back 33

mixed function

Front 34

Is the kidney endocrine or mixed?

Back 34

mixed function

Front 35

is the skin endocrine or mixed?

Back 35

mixed function

Front 36

Are the ovaries endocrine or mixed?

Back 36

mixed funtion

Front 37

Is the placent endocrine or mixed?

Back 37

mixed function

Front 38

Are the testes endocrine or mixed?

Back 38

mixed function

Front 39

Compared to the NS, the ES mainly controls what?

Back 39

Activities that require LONGER DURATION

Front 40

6 overall functions or the ES?

Back 40

1) Reg.s organic metabolism & H2O/electrolyte balance

2) Induces adaptive changes to deal with stress

3) Promotes smooth, sequential growth and development

4) Controls Reproduction

5) Regulates red blood cell production

6) Regulates circulatory and digestive functions.

Front 41

What is a Tropic Hormone?

Back 41

Involved in the ES.
-regulates secretions of another endocrine gland
-general term (there are several tropic hormones)

Front 42

Give an example of a gland that secretes tropic hormones?

Back 42

The anterior pituitary gland secrets a lot of these.

Front 43

Is the endocrine system complex?

Back 43

yes

Front 44

One endocrine gland can produce how many different types of hormones?

Back 44

multiple

Front 45

A single hormone can be produced by how many endocrine glands? How many types of effects can they have?

Back 45

-can be produced by more than one endocrine gland
-can have more than one type of effect b/c it has more than one target cell

Front 46

Give and example of another that contributes to the complexity of the ES?

Back 46

-the rate of a hormone can vary over time

Front 47

Can the same chemical messenger be a hormone and a NT?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

Give an example of a chm messenger that can be a hormone or a NT?

Back 48

norepinephrine

Front 49

List the 3 chemical classes of hormones?

Back 49

1) Proteins

2) Amines

3) Steroids

Front 50

Describe the class of hormones known as proteins? (general)

Back 50

-peptides, shorter chains
-amino acids in chains of varying lengths
-MAJORITY OF HORMONES

Front 51

Protein hormones AKA?

Back 51

Peptide Hormones

Front 52

Describe Amine Hormones? (general)

Back 52

-derived from the amino acid TYROSINE
-secreted by the adrenal medulla and thyroid

Front 53

Describe steroid hormones? (general)

Back 53

-Cholesterol derivatives
-secreted by the adrenal cortex

Front 54

Which classes of hormones are hydrophilic (H2O soluble)?

Back 54

-Proteins/Peptides

-Amines

Front 55

Which classes of hormones are lipophilic (lipid-soluble)(hydrophobic)?

Back 55

-Steroids

-Thyroid

Front 56

Describe 4 steps of SYNTHESIS for Peptide/Protein Hormones?

Back 56

1) Have precursors = prehormones

2) Made on ribosomes in ER

3) Converted to prohormones and, finally, active hormones in the golgi complex

4) Golgi complex concentrates active hormone into secretory vesicles.

Front 57

Describe the STORAGE of peptide/protein hormones?

Back 57

secretory vesicles pinched off and stored in cytoplasm.

Front 58

Describe SECRETION of peptide/protein hormones?

Back 58

released from endocrine cells by exocytosis
-rate is controlled by regulation of release of presynthesized stored hormone

Front 59

Describe the SYNTHESIS of steroid hormones?

Back 59

-CHOLESTEROL is the common precursor for ALL STEROID hormones
-series of enzymatic steps modify cholesterol into a different hormone in a SPECIFIC endocrine cell
-this specificity is due to the the enzymes present in the specific organ

Front 60

Describe the STORAGE of steroid hormones?

Back 60

-Only the precursor, Cholesterol, is stored
-the lipid-soluble hormone itself is not stored

Front 61

Describe the SECRETION of steroid hormones?

Back 61

-once formed, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse thru steroidogenic cell's lipid plasma membrane and enter blood
-once in blood they need a carrier molecule/protein
-once secreted from cell they may still go thru more modifications, may not be in final form
-the rate of secretion is controlled by the rate of synthesis

Front 62

Lipid-soluble indicates that a hormone can do what?

Back 62

diffuse into cell easily
-however, in blood, needs a carrier

Front 63

Describe the SYNTHESIS of amine hormones?

Back 63

-all are made from the amino acid TYROSINE

Front 64

Describe the STORAGE of amine hormones?

Back 64

-they are stored until secreted

Front 65

Describe the SECRETION of Amine hormones? (general)

Back 65

-Both endocytosis and exocytosis

Front 66

How are all hormones transported?

Back 66

-in the blood
-but not the same way for hydrophilic vs lipophilic

Front 67

How are hydrophilic hormones transported? What hormones are included in this category?

Back 67

-they dissolve in the plasma
-includes peptide and catecholamines

Front 68

How are most lipophilic hormones transported? What hormones are included?

Back 68

-bound, reversibly, to plasma proteins
-released by plasma proteins when they actively signal target cells
-include thyroid hormone and steroid hormones

Front 69

How do hormones generally produce their effects?

Back 69

by altering intracellular proteins

Front 70

How do hydrophilic hormones produce their effects?

Back 70

-cannot easily pass thru cell membrane
-bind to receptors on surface of target cell and typically activate 2nd messenger system
-a few alter the permeability of the target cell's membrane.

Front 71

How do lipophilic hormones produce their effects?

Back 71

Pass thru target cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the target cell
-doesn't need receptor on surface
-pass thru membrane easily
-receptors are on inside of cell's nucleus
-they activate genes
-results in new protein production

Front 72

When producing their effects what do hydrophilic hormones typically activate?

Back 72

2nd-messenger systems

Front 73

Describe 5 steps of a hydrophilic hormones activation of a 2nd-messenger system?

Back 73

1) Bind to receptor on target cell

2) Binding activates an intermediate G protein

3) This activates adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cyclic AMP(cAMP)

4) cAMP triggers steps that alter the activity of a protein (often an enzyme) that phosphorylates other proteins

5) This produces physiological response in target cell

-multiple proteins are being activated

Front 74

Does the effect of hydrophilic hormones synthesize proteins?

Back 74

-NO
-just alters preexisting proteins

Front 75

What is the ultimate effect of a lipophilic hormone?

Back 75

-stimulates a gene
-promotes protein synthesis
-(brought to cell by carrier proteins)

Front 76

Describe 4 steps of the effects of lipophilic hormones?

Back 76

1) Hormone passes thru the target cell membrane

2) Binds with an intracellular receptor that binds to DNA, turning on a gene

3) Gene makes RNA, making a specific protein at the ribosome.

4) this newly synthesized protein changes the physiological response in the target cell

Front 77

What does HRE stand for?

Back 77

hormone replacement element

Front 78

Transcription and Translation occur in the effects of what type of hormone?

Back 78

lipophilic hormones.

Front 79

The activation of a protein by a hormone is what?

Back 79

Amplified

Front 80

The concentration of hormone in blood is subject to what?

Back 80

-control
-the concentration varies according to homeostatic need

Front 81

The concentration and availability of a hormone for a receptor depend upon what 4 factors?

Back 81

1) Rate of secretion

2) Transport (ex, extent of binding to plasma proteins, if it is lipophilic)

3) rate of metabolic activation (its metabolism)

4) Rate of removal from blood (its excretion) (can be either metabolic or urinary excretion)

Front 82

Name three influences on hormone activity? (other than rate of secretion, transport, metabolism, and excretion)

Back 82

1) Negative feedback

2) Neuroendocrine reflexes

3)Diurnal or circadian rhythm

Front 83

Describe negative feedback?

Back 83

-influences hormone activity
-maintains the plasma concentration of a hormone at a needed level
-essentially, you have a set point, gland will strive to hit this set pt and turn off once reached

Front 84

Describe Neuroendocrine reflexes?

Back 84

-influences hormone activity
-the neural input to a gland regulates the gland's secretion

Front 85

Describe Diurnal or Circadian rhythms?

Back 85

-influences hormone activity
-the secretion rate of many hormones rhythmically fluctuates up and down as a function of time