Physiology (Chpt 12, Body Defenses) Final

Front 1

What is immunity?

Back 1

The body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells (does not have to be foreign)

Front 2

3 key functions of immune system?

Back 2

1. defense against invading pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc)

2. removes "worn-out" cells

3. identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells

Front 3

An inappropriate immune response leads to what?

Back 3

allergies or an autoimmune response

Front 4

What are leukocytes?

Back 4

WBCs

Front 5

Why are white blood cells white under a microscope?

Back 5

because they lack hemoglobin

Front 6

Size of a WBC verses a RBC?

Back 6

WBC is slightly larger

Front 7

Leukocytes (WBC) could be said to be the ? units of the body's immune system?

Back 7

mobile units

Front 8

3 functions of leukocytes?

Back 8

1. defend against invasion by pathogens

2. identify and destroy cancer cells

3. function as "clean up crew", by phagocytizing debris of dead or injured cells

Front 9

WBCs can leave circulation and go where?

Back 9

to sites of invasion and tissue damage

Front 10

How many kinds of leukocytes are there?

Back 10

5

Front 11

Name the two broad categories of leukocytes?

Back 11

1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2. mononuclear agranulocytes

Front 12

Describe general features of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

Back 12

- literally means "many-shaped nucleus, granule-containing"

- nucleii segmented into lobes, with abundant membrane enclosed granules in cytoplasm

Front 13

Describe general features of mononuclear agranulocytes?

Back 13

- literally means "single-nucleus, lacking granules"

- actually has granule, just fewer than polymorphonuclear granulocytes

- single, large, nonsegmented nucleus and few granules

Front 14

Name the three different polymorphonuclear granulocytes and how you would distinguish each of them under a microscope?

Back 14

1. neutrophils : granules attract neutral dye

2. eosinophils : granules attract red dye

3. basophils : granules attract blue dye

Front 15

Name the two different mononuclear agranulocytes?

Back 15

1. monocytes (larger)

2. lymphocytes (smallest leukocytes)

Front 16

Describe the rate of production for leukocytes?

Back 16

varies, depending on defense needs of body

Front 17

Where are leukocytes produced?

Back 17

from pluripotent cells in the bone marrow

Front 18

Granulocytes and monocytes are only produced where?

Back 18

in bone marrow

Front 19

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Back 19

originally in the bone marrow from precursor cells...then most new ones are produced from lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue

Front 20

In the bone marrow undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells go on to become what two things?

Back 20

1. myeloid stem cells

2. lymphoid stem cells

Front 21

What do myeloid stem cells become? (4 possibilities)Where does this occur?

Back 21

1. megakaryocytes

2. erythrocyte precursors

3. granulocyte precursors

4. monocyte precursors

(all occurs in the bone marrow)

Front 22

What do lymphoid stem cells become? Where does this occur?

Back 22

they become lymphocytes

(the lymphocytes are in lymphoid tissue or in circulation)

Front 23

What are megakaryocytes precursors for?

Back 23

platelets

Front 24

What are the least numerous cellular elements in the body?

Back 24

leukocytes

Front 25

Normally approximately 2/3s of the leukocytes in the body are what?

Back 25

granulocytes

Front 26

The percentage of what can change depending on the defense needs of the body?

Back 26

percentage of each WBC

Front 27

What in general signals the changes in the percentage of WBCs needed by the body?

Back 27

various hormones

Front 28

Name the 5 leukocytes?

Back 28

1. neutrophils

2. eosinophils

3. basophils

4. monocytes

5. lymphocytes

Front 29

Far and away the highest percentage of leukocytes in the body are what?

Back 29

neutrophils (60-70%)

Front 30

Function of neutrophils?

Back 30

-phagocytes

-first on scene during bacterial invasion

-important during inflammation

Front 31

Function of eosinophils?

Back 31

-increase (eosinophilia) associated with allergic conditions and parasitic infections

-so normally to rid parasitic infections but also causes allergic conditions

Front 32

Function of basophils?

Back 32

-similar to mast cells

- roles poorly understood

-synthesize and store histamine and heparin (but real function not entirely clear)

Front 33

Function of monocytes?

Back 33

when circulating they are phagocytes

-develop into macrophages in tissues

Front 34

What are the main functions of the lymphocytes?

Back 34

immune defense against specific targets

Front 35

The two types of lymphocytes?

Back 35

1. B lymphocytes

2. T lymphocytes

Front 36

What do the B lymphocytes do?

Back 36

produce antibodies which mark and destroy foreign matter

Front 37

What do the T lymphocytes do?

Back 37

carry out cell-mediated immune response, releasing chemicals that destroy target cells

Front 38

Name the 8 lymphoid tissues?

Back 38

1. bone marrow

2. lymph nodes

3. spleen

4. tonsils

5. adenoids

6. appendix

7. peyer's patches (digestive tract)

8. thymus

Front 39

The origin of all blood cells is where?

Back 39

in the bone marrow

Front 40

The spleen also removes worn out what?

Back 40

blood cells

Front 41

What is the thymus necessary for the maturation of?

Back 41

T cells

Front 42

What does the thymus secrete to mature T cells?

Back 42

thymosin

Front 43

The thymus is absolutely essential for appropriate what?

Back 43

immune response

Front 44

Immune responses can be innate and ? or adaptive and ?.

Back 44

innate and nonspecific....adaptive and specific

Front 45

In general how do innate and nonspecific immune responses differ from adaptive and specific immune responses?

Back 45

differ in timing and selectivity of defense mechanism

Front 46

4 aspects of innate immunity?

Back 46

1. immediate response upon exposure to threat

2. nonselective defense against foreign invaders

3. first line of defense: Rapid, but limited

4. Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Plasma Proteins

Front 47

2 aspects of adaptive (acquired) immunity?

Back 47

1. targets are specific: foreign matter to which the body already exposed

2. body is prepared, but takes time to respond

Front 48

In adaptive immunity what is the difference between the first time you are exposed to foreign matter to subsequent times?

Back 48

the first time the response takes longer then subsequent times

Front 49

The adaptive immune response includes what two types of immunity?

Back 49

1. antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

2. cell-mediated immunity

Front 50

Describe antibody-mediated immunity?

Back 50

- Abs produced by B cell derivatives, the plasma cells (turn out lots of Ab)

-generally recognize freely existing foreign-invaders (such as bacteria, some viruses)

Front 51

Describe cell-mediated immunity?

Back 51

-production of activated T-cells, which attack undesirable cells

-(generally recognize body cells gone awry, such as viral infected cells, cancer cells, etc)

Front 52

B and T cells recognize and selectively respond to what?

Back 52

foreign agents and cancer cells