Physiology: Chapter 75 Pituitary Hormones And Their Control By Hypothalamus

Front 1

Where is the pars intermedia?

Back 1

between the anterior and posterior pituitary

Front 2

What is the adenohypophysis derived from?

Back 2

rathkes pouch from pharyngeal epithelium

Front 3

thyrotropin is also known as what?

Back 3

TSH

Front 4

large pituitary tumors that stain with acid dyes are composed of what?

Back 4

somatotropes because they avidly bind acid dye

Front 5

What are the Magnocellular neurons?

Back 5

supraoptic neurons = ADH
paraventricular = oxytocin

Front 6

What is the signaling pathway of olfactory epithelium to the hypothalmus?

Back 6

olfactory stimulation goes to amygdaloid nuclei then to hypothalamus

Front 7

Prolactin is constantly produced unless what is present?

Back 7

dopamine which is PIH

Front 8

What effect does GH have on fat stores? what effect does it have on insulin?

Back 8

1) increases lipolysis
2) decreases insulin action

Front 9

What hormones does ACTH effect?

Back 9

increases glucocorticoids and androgens

Front 10

What is the function of FSH in men?

Back 10

regulates spermatogenesis

Front 11

What effect does LH have in men?

Back 11

stimulates testosterone release

Front 12

what else is GH called?

Back 12

somatotropin

Front 13

What is growth hormones effect on the following:
1) amino acid uptake
2) translation
3) DNA transcription

Back 13

increases all (DNA transcription occurs after 24 to 48 hours)

Front 14

Does GH have a quicker effect on protein synthesis or fat mobilization?

Back 14

protein synthesis

Front 15

Why does ketosis occur with excessive GH?

Back 15

mobilzation of fats and production of lot of acetoacetic acid

Front 16

What effect does GH have on gluconeogenesis? What about insulin release

Back 16

increases

Front 17

What condition in terms of glucose does excess GH resemble?

Back 17

type II diabetes because insulin is increased but action is impaired and there is increased glucose

Front 18

What happens to growth hormones effects if insulin and glucose are low?

Back 18

its effects are decreased. This may be to insulins ability to transport amino acids

Front 19

GH injected into a human will not have the same effect as endogenous GH why?

Back 19

GH causes liver to release IGF-1 which stimulates bone growth

Front 20

What is another name for IGF-1?

Back 20

somatomedan C

Front 21

Do pygmies produce GH?

Back 21

yes just not a lot of IGF-1

Front 22

Does GH attach to any plasma proteins? What about IGF-1?

Back 22

1) yes but weakly therefore it has a short half life of 20 minutes
2) IGF-1 attaches strongly and therefore has long half life 20 hours

Front 23

When does GH peak in a 24 hour period?

Back 23

noon and midnight and during exercise

Front 24

What conditions cause GH release?

Back 24

1) starvation
2) hypoglycemia or low fatty acids
3) exercise
4) excitement
5) trauma
6) first 2 hours of deep sleep

Front 25

What is the normal GH concentration in an adult, child and during starvation?

Back 25

1) ~2ng/mL
2) 6ng/mL
3) 40-50ng/mL

Front 26

during acute conditions does decreased protein or glucose have a larger effect on GH level?

Back 26

glucose acutely and protein chronically

Front 27

How do estrogen and testosterone impact GH secretion?

Back 27

increase it

Front 28

In what stages of deep sleep is GH stimulated?

Back 28

II an IV

Front 29

What effect does increased glucose have on GH?

Back 29

decreases it

Front 30

What malnutrition state would you expect to have high GH and low protein?

Back 30

kwashiorkor

Front 31

What 2 hormones regulate GH?

Back 31

GHRH and GHIH

Front 32

what part of the hypothalamus releases GHRH? How? What else is this area responsible for?

Back 32

1)ventromedial nucleus becuase it is sensitive to blood glucose
2) satiety in hyperglycemic states

Front 33

What effect do catecholamines, dopamine and serotonin have on GH?

Back 33

increase it

Front 34

What intracellular mechanism does GHRH use when it binds cells?

Back 34

adenylyl cyclase system

Front 35

What do most cases of dwarfism result from?

Back 35

panhypopituitarism

Front 36

What three conditions can result in panhypopituitarism in adulthood?

Back 36

1) craniopharyngiomas
2) chromophobe tumors
3) thrombosis
4) Sheehans

Front 37

Giants initially have type II diabetes but later develop? they also later develop what hormonal deficiencies?

Back 37

1) diabetes mellitus from overuse
2) insulin and panhypopituitarism

Front 38

What happens to the vertebral column in someone with acromegaly?

Back 38

kyphosis

Front 39

ADH activates what intracellular pathway in the collecting tubule cells and what protein is inserted in membrane?

Back 39

1) adenylyl cyclase
2) aquaporins

Front 40

High concentrations of ADH have what effect aside form the water reabsorption?

Back 40

constriction of arterioles

Front 41

what cells contract around the alveoli of the mammary glands that causes milk secretion via oxytocin stimulation?

Back 41

myoepithelial cells

Front 42

what is milk letdown?

Back 42

oxytocin stimulation to induce milk ejection