Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What diseases can cause dysphagia?
|
poliomyelitis and encephalitis
muscle dystrophy, myasthenia gravis and botulism |
|
|
What prevents food from entering the lungs?
|
glottis
|
|
|
When someone is anesthetized what can occur?
|
if the person vomits it can enter the pharynx and be sucked into the trachea becuase the swallowing reflex is hampered
|
|
|
What is achalasia?
|
a condition when the lower esphogeal sphincter fails to relax from damage to myenteric plexus
|
|
|
What are the 2 most common causes of gastritis
|
alcohol and aspirin
|
|
|
What constitutes the gastric barrier?
|
tight junctions and mucus
|
|
|
A loss of stomach secretions is termed? what does this lead to?
|
achlorohydria
pernicious anemia |
|
|
How is achlorohydria diagnosed?
|
when the pH will not go below 6.5 after max stimulation
|
|
|
What is the most frequent site of a peptic ulcer?
|
within a few centimeters of the pylorus, then the lesser curvature of stomach, third at the lower end of the esophagous
|
|
|
What is a marginal ulcer?
|
ulceration at the site of surgical incision
|
|
|
What constitutes the gastric barrier?
|
tight junctions and mucus
|
|
|
A loss of stomach secretions is termed? what does this lead to?
|
achlorohydria
pernicious anemia |
|
|
How is achlorohydria diagnosed?
|
when the pH will not go below 6.5 after max stimulation
|
|
|
What is the most frequent site of a peptic ulcer?
|
within a few centimeters of the pylorus, then the lesser curvature of stomach, third at the lower end of the esophagous
|
|
|
What is a marginal ulcer?
|
ulceration at the site of surgical incision between stomach and jejunum
|
|
|
When excess acid enters the stomach what happens to stomach motility and what controls this?
|
stomach motility decreases via nervous and hormonal reflexes
|
|
|
If there is an ulcer in the initial portion of the duodenum what is the most likely cause?
|
gastric acid secretion is greater than normal
|
|
|
What are predisposing factors to ulcers?
|
smoking decreases blood flow, alcohol breaks down mucosal barrier, aspirin
|
|
|
What is ranitidine?
|
an antihistaminic drug that blocks gastric acid secretion on the gastric gland at the H2 receptor
|
|
|
Will someone with pancreatitis have a harder time absorbing carbs, proteins or fats?
|
fats though all are greatly affected
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of pancreatitis?
|
alcoholism and the second is blockage of the papilla of vater
|
|
|
What is an intestinal disease that causes malabsorption?
|
sprue
|
|
|
In nontropical sprue what food should be avoided?
|
wheat and rye
|
|
|
What happens in sprue?
|
the microvilli and villi are destroyed or blunted
|
|
|
What causes tropical sprue?
|
an unidentified bacteria that is treated with antibiotics
|
|
|
With sprue what is the first molecule to be improperly absorbed? How is this determined?
|
fat, people have steatorrhea in the form of f fatty acid salts and not undigested fats
|
|
|
What are common effects of sprue?
|
pernicious anemia, increased PT and PTT time, osteomalacia from decreased Ca2+
|
|
|
What is a frequent cause of constipation?
|
a lifetime inhibiting normal defecation reflexes
|
|
|
What age group is seldom constipated? why?
|
infants do not inhibit the defecation reflex
|
|
|
If the defecation reflex is continually ignored and laxatives are used excessively what results?
|
atonic colon
|
|
|
What reflexes occur in the morning that should be obeyed to avoid constipation?
|
gastrocolic, duodenocolic reflex
|
|
|
A person notes that they had been constipated for several days and that they had diarrhea. Diarrhea and constipation then alternate. What is a probable diagnosis?
|
spastic sigmoid colon
|
|
|
What causes megacolon?
|
lack or deficiency of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of sigmoid colon
|
|
|
What is another name for megacolon?
|
hirschsprungs disease
|
|
|
During a bout of enteritis what segments of the GI tract are most commonly affected?
|
The large intestine and the distal ileum
|
|
|
Where does cholera toxin directly stimulate fluid and electrolyte secretion from?
|
The crypts of Lieberkuhn in the distal ileum and colon
|
|
|
How much fluid can be lost per day with cholera toxin? What is the maximum reabsorption the can achieve?
|
10-12 liters
6-8 liters/day |
|
|
How is cholera best treated?
|
IV fluid and electrolyte replacement
|
|
|
psychogenic diarrhea is caused by what?
|
extreme parasympathetic stimulation cuasing increased motility and mucus production
|
|
|
What disease is associated with mass movements occurring much of the day?
|
motility is greatly enhanced in ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
If someone is injured between the brain and the conus medularis what will happen to bowel function?
|
the person will lose voluntary control but the basic cord reflex will be intact. Defecation will be difficult because it the voluntary anal sphincter will be contricted
|
|
|
How would difficulty with defecation be treated in someone with an upper cord injury?
|
giving the person an enema
|
|
|
Where is the strongest signal for vomiting elicited?
|
when irritation occurs in the duodenum
|
|
|
Where do the signals for vomiting originate?
|
in the pharynx, esophagous, stomach and upper small intestine
|
|
|
Where is the strongest signal for vomiting elicited?
|
when irritation occurs int eh duodenum
|
|
|
Where do the signals for vomiting originate?
|
in the pharynx, esophagous, stomach and upper small intestine
|
|
|
While vomiting what nerve carries the sensory impulses?
|
both sympathetic and vagal afferent fibers go to various nuclei called vomiting center
|
|
|
While vomiting what nerve carries the sensory impulses?
|
both sympathetic and vagal afferent fibers go to various nuclei called vomiting center
|
|
|
Efferent impulses travel through what nerves?
|
CN 5, 7, 9, 10, 12 to upper GI tract, CN 10 and sympathetics to lower GI, spinal nerves to abdominal muscles and diaphragm
|
|
|
Overdistention or irritation causes what to occur minutes before vomiting?
|
antiperstalsis
|
|
|
Efferent impulses travel through what nerves?
|
CN 5, 7, 9, 10, 12 to upper GI tract, CN 10 and sympathetics to lower GI, spinal nerves to abdominal muscles and diaphragm
|
|
|
Overdistention or irritation causes what to occur minutes before vomiting?
|
antiperstalsis
|
|
|
At what speed do antiperstaltic waves travel? How far down the GI tract can food be vomited from?
|
2 to 3 cm/sec
lower small intestine |
|
|
During the vomiting act does the person inhale or exhale? What happens next?
|
person inhales, hyoid and larynx pull upper esophageal sphincter open, glottis closes, soft palate elevates and blocks posterior nares
|
|
|
After the soft palate covers the posterior nares, what happens?
|
The diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract increasing the intragastric pressure to a level then the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and food is expelled
|
|
|
Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located in the CNS?
|
in the floor of the fourth ventricle
|
|
|
What drugs can stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone?
|
apomorpohine, morphine, digitalis derivatives
|
|
|
Can a person that has a damage to the floor of the fourth ventricle still vomit?
|
Yes if the GI tract itself is irritated
|
|
|
Other than irritation at the chemotatic trigger zone and GI irritants what can cause vomitting?
|
rapid change in motion associated with receptors in the vestibular labyrinth. Impulses travel to the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum then to the chemotactic trigger zone then to vomiting center
|
|
|
What is nausea?
|
the conscious recognition of subconscious excitation in an area of the medulla closely associated with the vomiting center
|
|
|
How is nausea caused?
|
irritative impulses coming from the GI tract, impulses from lower brain associated with motion sickness and impulses from cerebral cortex to initiate vomiting
|
|
|
Can nausea occur without vomiting?
|
yes because only certain portions of the vomiting center are associated with nausea
|
|
|
If a person has a history of ulcers near the pyloris what change may occur? What symptom may the person have as a result?
|
fibrosis at sight of frequent ulcers causes narrowing of pyloris and will result in food accumulation in stomach. Person may therefore present with vomiting and on blood analysis person may be alaklotic from loss of HCl
|
|
|
A person appears severely dehydrated and is vomiting but blood analysis show normal pH. what is occurring?
|
The person has an obstruction somewhere in small intestine and is vomiting both acid and base therefore blood pH is normal but they have lost extreme amounts of fluid
|
|
|
What elements comprise most of the gas in the GI tract?
|
oxygen and nitrogen from swallowed air
|
|
|
In the large intestine what gases are produced by bacteria?
|
methane, Hydrogen and CO2
|
|
|
How much gas in expelled each day as compared to the amount made?
|
7-10 L of gas is made whereas only 0.6L is expelled most is absorbed
|
