Physiology Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

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organ

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a group of tissues that performs a specific function

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system

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a group of organs working together toward common goals

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integumentary system

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The organs that make up the integumentary system of the body are the skin and its derivatives, such as hair, nails, glands, and nerve endings

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skin

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an organ that consists of different tissues that are joined to perform specific activities, it is one of the largest organs and covers an area of about 2 square meters

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dermatology

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the medical specialty that deals with diagnosing and treating skin disorders

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epidermis

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the superficial, thinner portion of the skin that is composed of epithelial tissue

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dermis

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the deeper, thicker, part of the skin that consists of connective tissue

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subcutaneous (subQ) layer

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deep to the dermis, consists of areolar and adipose tissue, attaches to the underlying tissues and organs

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other names for subcutaneous layer

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superficial fascia or hypodermis

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Seven functions of the skin

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regulation fo body temperature, protection, sensation, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir, synthesis of vitamin D

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vitamin D deficiency

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caused by people why rarely go outside in the sun or drink little or no milk

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Four types of epidermal cells

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keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cell, merkel cell

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keratinocyte cells

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produce protein keratin, which helps waterproof the skin and protect underlying tissue from light, heat, microbes and chemicals (90%)

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melanocytes

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produce the pigment melatin, which contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light (8%)

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Langerhan cells

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they interact with white blood cells in immune response

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Merkel cell

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they are located in the deepest layer of hairless skin and function in the sensation of touch

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Five layer of the epidermis (deepest to superficial)

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stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

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stratum basale

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a single layer of columnar-shaped cells which contain stem cells, which are capable of continued cell division, and melanocytes also contains tacile discs that are sensitive to touch (also called stratum germinativum)

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stratum spinosum

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contain 8-10 layers of many sided cells that fit close together and appear to be covered with prickly spines

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stratum granulosum

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it consists of 3-5 layers of flattened cells that develop darkly staining granules of keratohyalin

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stratum lucidum

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apparent in the thick skin of the palm and sole, consists of clear flat dead cells

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stratum corneum

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consists of 25-30 layers of flat dead cells completely filled with keratin

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keratinization

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the process where newly formed cells in the basal layers undergo a developmental process as they are pushed to the surface, as they are pushed up they accumulate keratin and the cells die

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Athlete's foot

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A superficial fungus infection of the skin of the foot

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Chickenpox

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Highly contagious disease that begins in the respiratory system and is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and charcterized by vesticular eruptions on the skin that fill with pus, rupture, and form a scab before healing. Also called varicella. Shingles is caused by reactivation of latent chickenpox viruses

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cold score

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a lesion, usually in the oral muscous membrane, caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transmitted by oral or repiratory routes

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contusion

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Condition in which tissue deep to the skin is damaged, but the epidermis is not broken

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corn

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a painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis found principally over toe joints and between toes and often caused by pressure. It may be hard or soft, depending on the location. Hard corns are usually found over toe joints and soft corns are usually found between the fourth and fifth toes.

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cyst

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a sac with a distinct connective tissue wall, containing a fluid or other material

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German Measles

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highly contagious disease that begins in the respiratory system and is caused by the rubella virus and charcterized by a rash of small red spots on the skin. Also called rubella

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Hemangioma

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Localized tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer that results from an abnormal increase in blood vessels; one type is a portwine stain, a flat, pink, red, or purple lesion present at birt, usually at the nape of the neck

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Hives

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Condition of the skin marked by reddened elevated patches that are often itchy. Most commonly caused by infections, physical trauma, medications, emotional stress, food additives, and certain foods. Also called urticaria.

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Impetigo

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Superficial skin infection caused by staphylococci or streococci; most common in children

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Laceration

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Wound or irregular tear of the skin

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Measles

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Highly contagious disease caused by the measles virus that begins in the repiratory system and is characterized by a rash on the skin. Also called rubeola.

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Nevus

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A round, pigmented, flat or raised skin area that may be present at birth or develop later. Varying in color from yellow-brown to black. Also called a mole or birthmark.

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Pruritus

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Itching, one of the most common dermatological disorders. It may be caused by skin disorders (infections), systemic disorders (cancer, kidney failure), or psychogenic factors (emotional stress).

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Topical

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Pertaining to a definite area; local. Also in reference to a medication, applied to the surface rather than ingested or injected.

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Wart

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Mass produced by uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells; caused by a virus (papillomavirus). Most warts are noncancerous.