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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most abundant leukocyte in the blood?
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neutrophils
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The least abundant leukocyte in the blood?
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basophils
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The second most abundant leukocyte in the blood?
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lymphocytes
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6 types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, lymphocyte, plasma cells
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Fun Fact: leukocyte = White Blood Cell
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you should know this
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Where are plasma cells made?
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lymph tissue
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What types of leukocytes are called granulocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Primary function of monocytes and granulocytes (mechanism of action during infection)
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phagocytosis
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Where are granulocytes and monocytes formed?
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bone marrow
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What types of white blood cell might be found in Peyer's patches?
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lymphocytes or plasma cells are made in lymph tissue
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What are thrombocytes?
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platelets; fragments of megakaryocytes in the blood
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How long do granulocytes circulate in the blood?
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4-8 hours
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What occurs, morphologically, to a monocyte after it leaves the circulation (and enters tissue)?
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enlarges to become tissue macrophage
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Platelets in blood are replaced every ____ days.
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10 days
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Macrophages are mature versions of what white blood cells in circulation?
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monocytes
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What is diapedesis?
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the process of WBC squeezing through the capillaries to enter the tissue
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In general, what types of compounds can act as chemotactic agents for WBCs in tissue?
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bacterial products, toxins, complement proteins, inflammation products
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Why is it important that capillaries are not more than 50 micrometers away from a tissue?
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chemotactic gradients usually work up to 100 um away. WBCs in all of the body can reach all tissues
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During chemotaxis, where is the concentration of chemotactic agent (bacterial product) highest?
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closest to the source of inflammation/damage/infection
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Which surface will most likely lead to phagocytosis of a cell? smooth or rough?
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rough. cell surfaces are normally smooth
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What is opsonization?
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process of placing markers on cells to signal their destruction by phagocytosis
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Which is a more powerful phagocyte? macrophage or neutrophil?
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macrophage can ingest 100 bacteria; neutrophil can ingest 20 before its inactivated. macrophages can also ingest larger particles
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What is a digestive vesicle?
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once a product has been phagocytized, it is in a phagocytic vesicle. this vesicle fuses with a lysosome to create the digestive vesicle (phagolysosome)
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Why is it important that lysosomes in phagocytic WBCs contain lipases?
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many bacterial membranes contain heavy lipids (e.g. Tuberculosis)
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Certain bactera may not be killed by lysosomal contents. What else do neutrophils and macrophages have to digest these bacterium?
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peroxisomes with reactive oxygen species (radicals, O*, OH*, H2O2)
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Why is the enzyme myeloperoxidase important in a peroxisome?
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converts H2O2 +Cl to OCl*. this is a very potent bactericidal radical
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Why is tuberculosis typically chronic?
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it is resistant to many lysosomal/peroxisomal products; WBCs are not as effective
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What is the reticuloendothelial system?
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After infection, many monocyte may collect in the tissue until called upon again. then they will become macrophages and respond to infection etc. The collection of all these monocytes, normal macrophages, stored macrophages in the entire body is called the reticuloendothelial system
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When skin is broken and subcutatneous local infection occurs, what unique cell are involved?
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histiocytes (tissue macrophages in subcutaneous skin)
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What type of macrophages line lymphatic sinuses?
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tissue macrophages
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What causes alveolar macrophages to form a "giant cell" capsule?
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if it cannot digest the phagocytized material (Tuberculosis)
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What are Kuppfer cells?
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macrophages in the liver sinusoids; very potent (almost no bacteria from GI/portal blood enters systemic circulation)
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Where in the spleen are macrophages found? (be specific)
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trabeculae of the red pulp (and venous sinuses)
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What is the first step in inflammation to prevent the spread of infection?
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walling-off; clots block off tissue and fluid flow so nearby areas are not affected
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Which creates a stronger immune response? staphlococci or streptococci?
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staphlococci
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Even though staphlococci are more lethal, why do we see worse infection with streptococi?
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because it is not immediately toxic, the process of walling off is slower; thus it can spread more easily and become worse
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What is the first immune defense during infection/inflammation?
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tissue macrophages that are already at the site of inflammation; neutrophils are the first to MIGRATE there
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What are 3 ways cytokines help neutrophil invasion of the endothelium?
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promote adhesion proteins (selectin/integrin/I-CAM), loosens the endothelial cells, chemotaxis
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Neutrophilia is seen in which type of inflammation? acute or chronic
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acute
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What is the 3rd line of defense to inflamed tissue (after neutrophils invade)?
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macrophages that migrated (tissue macrophages that were already there served as first line of defense)
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Why are macrophage levels higher than neutrophils in chronic inflammation?
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macrophages are more powerful, but monocytes are present at low #s in blood. so it takes time for them to become full powerful macrophages. until then, the quick, already present neutrophils will try to take care of it.
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What compounds can macrophages release to regulate neutrophil proliferation?
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Colony stimulating factors and cytokines (TNF, IL-1)
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What is pus made up of?
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dead neutrophils/macrophages/tissue and tissue fluid
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Parasitic infections are characterized by high levels of what WBC?
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eosinophils
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How do eosinophils work to eradicate parasitic infection?
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not phagocytosis; attach to parasite and release toxic substances (radicals, hydrolytic enzymes, major basic protein) onto parasites
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What is "major basic protein"?
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released by eosinophils to battle parasites; larvicidal polypeptide
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Uncooked pork can lead to what infection?
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Trichnella parasite = trichinosis
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Mast cells and basophils liberate what anti-coagulant into blood?
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Heparin
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How do mast cells and basophils become involved in the allergic response?
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IgE binds to them to cause release of the histamine/bradykinin etc.
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What chemicals can cause aplasia of bone marrow?
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benzene or anthracene
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What is leukopenia?
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low levels of WBC; due to bone marrow damage usually
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What is leukemia?
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High levels of WBCs
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What causes lymphocytic leukemia?
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cancerous lymphoid cells
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What is myelogenous leukemia?
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cancerous young myelogenous stem cells
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In myelogenous leukemia, what types of WBCs do we see in circulation?
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elevated levels of all normal WBCs, but usually more deformed ones
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Why does leukemia lead to brittle bones?
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excessive collection of leukocytes (WBCs) in bone marrow may invade bones and cause pain and cause bones to fracture easily since the enlarged bone marrow displaces normal calcified bone
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Where do most leukemias spread to?
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the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and other areas of heavy vascular flow because leukocytes are transported in the blood
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Why are patients with leukemia constantly weak?
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The demand for nutrients by the rapidly dividing leukocytes steals nutrients from other cells. other tissues become weakened and starved. can lead to death
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