Physiology Chapter 2A: Chemistry

Front 1

Atoms (4)

Back 1

-Are smallest units of the chemical elements
-Composed of protons, neutrons & electrons
-Nucleus contains protons (+ charge) & neutrons (no charge)
-Electrons (- charge) occupy orbitals or shells outside nucleus

Front 2

Atomic mass

Back 2

is sum of protons & neutrons in an atom

Front 3

Atomic number

Back 3

is number of protons in an atom

Front 4

Atoms - Isotopes (3)

Back 4

-Are different forms of same atom
-Atomic number is the same, but atomic mass is different
-Contain different numbers of neutrons

Front 5

Isotopes - Change in the number of Neutrons:
-24Mg has 12 neutrons
-add 2 neutrons

Back 5

-24Mg has 12 neutrons
-add 2 neutrons
-26Mg has 14 neutrons

Front 6

Radioactive Isotopes (4)

Back 6

-Some isotopes are radioactive
-Decomposition of radioactive isotopes
-Measured with half-life
-Unit of material usually measured in millicuries (mCi)

Front 7

Isotopes to Know: 99tc, 131I, 117I, 138Xe

Back 7

Half-life
99Tc 6 hours
131I 8 days
117I 7 minutes
138Xe 17 minutes

Front 8

Covalent Bonds

Back 8

-Occur when atoms share valence electrons

Front 9

nonpolar covalent

Back 9

electrons are shared equally
E.g. in H2 or 02

Front 10

polar bonds (3)

Back 10

-electrons are shared unequally
-Pulled more toward one atom
-Have + and – poles
-E.g. H20

Front 11

Ionic Bonds (7)

Back 11

-Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
-Forming charged atoms (ions)
-Atom that loses electrons becomes a cation (+ charged )
-Atom that gains electrons becomes an anion (- charged)
-Bond formed by attraction of + & - charges
-Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds
-Dissociate when dissolved in H20
-E.g. NaCl

Front 12

How many electrons does Ca +2 have ? 20 protons, 40AMU

Back 12

18

Front 13

How many electrons does P -3 have ? 15 proton, 31AMU

Back 13

18

Front 14

Polyatomic Ions to know (8)

Back 14

Ammonium NH4+
Hydroxide OH-
Bicarbonate HCO3-
Nitrate NO3-
Nitrite NO2-
Sulfate SO4-2
Carbonate CO3-2
Phosphate PO4-3

Front 15

Hydrophilic (2)

Back 15

-(water loving) molecules are soluble in water.
-Anything with a charge, polar molecules or ions, will dissolve in water
-E.g. glucose & amino acids

Front 16

Hydrophobic

Back 16

molecules are nonpolar– don’t like water (oils)

Front 17

Hydrogen Bonds (5)

Back 17

-When H forms polar bond with another atom it takes on a slight + charge
-Making it attracted to any nearby negatively charged atoms
-Called hydrogen bonds
-Forms between adjacent H20s
-Creating surface tension

Front 18

pH (6)

Back 18

-Symbol for H+ concentration of a solution
pH scale runs from 0 to 14
pH = log 1/[H+]
-Pure H20 is neutral & has pH of 7
-Acids have a pH less than 7 (pH 0 - 7)
-Bases have a pH greater than 7 (pH 7 - 14)

Front 19

Buffers

Back 19

-Are molecules that resist changes in pH by either combining with or releasing H+s
-E.g. the bicarbonate buffer system in blood:

H20 + C02 H2C03 H+ + HC03-

-This buffers pH because reaction can go in either direction depending upon concentration of H+s

Front 20

Blood pH (4)

Back 20

-Normal range of pH is 7.35 – 7.45
-Maintained by buffering action
-Acidosis occurs if pH < 7.35
-Alkalosis occurs if pH > 7.45

Front 21

Body fluid pH: Stomach fluid, Urine, Saliva, Blood, Fluid in Sm. Intestine

Back 21

Stomach fluid 1 - 2
Urine 5 – 8 (6.0)
Saliva 6.8
Blood 7.35 -7.45
Fluid in Sm. Intestine 7 - 8

Front 22

Biomolecules (4)

Back 22

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Amino acids and proteins
Nucleotides

Front 23

Biomolecules (definition)

Back 23

organic molecules found in living things

Front 24

Organic Molecules Contain...

Back 24

Carbon Atoms

Front 25

biomolecules common functional groups (5)

Back 25

hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carboxyl, amino

Front 26

Carbohydrates (3)

Back 26

Monosaccharides - one - glucose, fractose, galactose
Disaccharides - two - sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides - multi - glycogen
Cn(H2O)n = (CH2O)n

Front 27

Monosaccharides

Back 27

hydroxyl groups which make carbohydrates polar

Front 28

Lipids (3) What is it?

Back 28

-Composed of primarily hydrogen and carbon atoms
-Non-polar covalent bonds
-Hydrophobic

Front 29

Classes of Lipids (4)

Back 29

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids

Front 30

Triglycerides

Back 30

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Front 31

Glycerol

Back 31

3-carbon alcohol

Front 32

Fatty acid (4)

Back 32

-long carbon chain acid
-Saturated fatty acids
-Unsaturated fatty acids
-Fatty acid chains make triglycerides hydrophobic

Front 33

Saturated fatty acids

Back 33

maximum number of hydrogen atoms located around the carbon atoms

Front 34

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 34

is missing some hydrogen atoms due to the presence of at least one double or triple bond between the carbon atoms

Front 35

triglyceride

Back 35

fat consists of three fatty acids, glycerol

Front 36

Phospholipids (2)

Back 36

-made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate
-Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules

Front 37

Eicosanoids

Back 37

Examples: Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Front 38

Steroids

Back 38

Examples: Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone

Front 39

Proteins

Back 39

Polymer of amino acids

Front 40

Polymer

Back 40

Chemical chain

Front 41

Amino acids (2)

Back 41

-Building blocks of proteins
-20 different kinds of amino acids

Front 42

Polymers of Amino Acids (3)

Back 42

-Peptide bond
-Covalent bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of another amino acid
-Peptides
-Generally 2–50 amino acids
-Proteins
-Greater than 50 amino acids

Front 43

Levels of Protein Structure (4)

Back 43

Primary - Sequence of amino acids - Linear
Secondary - Hydrogen bonding between amino hydrogen of one amino acid and carboxyl oxygen of another - Pleated, Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet
Tertiary - Formation of bends and loops in polypeptide chain due to interactions between R groups
Quaternary - Formation of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

Front 44

Nucleotide Structure

Back 44

-Phosphate group(s)
-5-carbon carbohydrate
-Ribose
-Deoxyribose
-Base containing carbon-nitrogen ring
-Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
-Purines (adenine, guanine)

Front 45

Energy-Transferring Nucleotides

Back 45

-Adenosine di(tri)phosphate ADP/ATP
-Adenine + ribose + 2 or 3 phosphates
-Adenine + ribose = adenosine
-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Front 46

cAMP

Back 46

cAMP and cGMP are messengers
(cyclick AMP)

Front 47

Nucleic acids

Back 47

polymers of nucleotides

Front 48

DNA

Back 48

-Stores genetic code
-Carbohydrate = deoxyribose
-Bases
-Purines
-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)
-Pyrimidines
-Cytosine (C)
-Thymine (T)
-Double-stranded
-Helix

Front 49

RNA (2)

Back 49

-Needed for expression of genetic code
-Sugar = Ribose
-Bases
-Purines
-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)
-Pyrimidines
-Cytosine (C)
-Uracil (U)