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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology
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study of how the body works to maintain life
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Pathophysiology
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how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
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Levels of Organization (6)
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-We are sacks of atoms
-Combined into molecules -Cells are made up of Molecules -Tissues are made of cells with similar function -Tissues are grouped into functional units (organs) -Organs systems combine organs and other structures |
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Body Functions are Integrated (2)
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-Parts of body work together
-Proper functioning of one part depends on function of another part -Example: Muscle depends on erythrocytes, bone marrow depends on kidneys |
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Cells can be put into four groups (4)
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-Neurons
-Muscle cells -Epithelial cells -Connective tissue cells |
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Neurons and Nerve Tissue (3)
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-Transmit signals for communication
-Have branches to receive or transmit -Receive information from receptors -Transmit information to muscles or glands -Some neurons process information |
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Muscle Cells (4)
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-Specialized to contract
-Can be voluntary or involuntary -Examples of contraction -Flexing of forearm -Pumping of blood -Mixing of food in the stomach |
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sheet-like layer of cells
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Epithelium
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Epithelial Cells and Epithelium (4)
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-Line external body surfaces
-Line hollow body tubes and organs -Function as a barrier -Function as a transport membrane |
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Epithelium: Glands (2)
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-Formed from epithelium
-Manufacture a product |
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Major classes of glands (2)
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-Exocrine glands
-Have ducts -Endocrine glands -No ducts, product into blood -Product = hormone |
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Connective Tissue (3)
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-Most diverse of the four tissues
-Characterized by extracellular matrix -Anchors and links structures of body |
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Examples of connective tissue (4)
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-Bone
-Tendons -Fat -Blood |
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Organ System (3)
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-Tissues contain similar cells
-Collection of organs -Perform particular task |
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Organs (2)
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-Composed of at least two tissue types
-Perform specific functions |
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External and internal environments (2)
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-Separated by epithelial membrane
-Epithelial barrier is continuous |
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Examples of external environment (4) (3)
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-External side of epithelial body barrier
-Surroundings external to skin -Air in lungs -Food in stomach -Urine in bladder -Source of nutrients and oxygen -Repository of wastes -Most cells have no direct exchange with external environment |
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Internal Environment (4)
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-Immediate environment of most cells
-Includes tissue fluid and plasma -Plasma is fluid around blood cells -Tissue fluid is fluid around all other cells |
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Between blood and external environment (3)
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-Lungs
-Gastrointestinal tract -Kidneys |
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Mechanisms of Exchange, Across gastrointestinal tract (2)
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-Absorption
-Secretion |
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Mechanisms of Exchange, Across kidneys (3)
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-Filtration
-Reabsorption -Secretion |
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Fluid within cells
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ICF = intracellular fluid (compartment)
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Fluid outside cells but within body (3)
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-ECF = extracellular fluid
-Is the “internal environment” -Subdivisions -Plasma: fluid around blood cells -Tissue fluid: fluid surrounding other cells |
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fluid surrounding cells
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-Internal environment = fluid surrounding cells = extracellular fluid (ECF)
-70 kg man - Total body water = 42 liters 28 liters intracellular fluid (ICF) 14 liters extracellular fluid (ECF) Three liters plasma 11 liters interstitial fluid (ISF) |
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Homeostasis (5)
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-Maintaining internal environment - within limits
-Not the same as Equilibrium - no energy required -Two major mechanisms -Negative Feedback -Positive Feedback -Requires organ systems integration -Disruption of homeostasis is the basis for disease and death |
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Homeostasis: Thermoregulation (6)
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-Core body temperature
-Humans: 37º C (98.6º F) -Hypothermia = decrease in body temperature -Hyperthermia = increase in body temperature -Above 41º C is dangerous -Above 43º C is deadly |
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Homeostatic mechanisms Maintain (5)
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-Body temperature
-Pulse rate -Acid/Base balance, pH -Glucose -Ion levels, i.e. Calcium |
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Normal Ranges - blood (8)
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-Temperature 37o C
-pH 7.35-7.45 -Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L -Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L -Oxygen 17.2-22.0 ml/100ml -Lipids 400-800 -mg/100ml -Glucose 75-110 mg/100ml |
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Calcium in more depth (4)
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-Calcitonin from thyroid gland
Stimulus - High blood calcium -Target tissue - Kidney, bone, and GI tract -Action: -inhibits osteoclast activity at bone -increases excretion of Ca+2 at kidney |
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Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) (4)
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-Stimulus - Low blood calcium
-Target tissue - Kidney, bone, GI tract -Action: -stimulates osteoclast activity at bone – breaks down bone -decreases excretion of Ca+2 at kidney |
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Vitamin D
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-promotes Ca+2 absorption from intestine
-Formed/Activated by reaction with cholesterol derivative -UV light initiates reaction -Ricketts |
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Why does the body need plasma concentration of calcium to be so closely regulated? (4)
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-Function of cardiac cells dependent on calcium ions
-Calcium is a co-factor in many enzymatic reactions -Blood clotting requires calcium -Nerve function at synapses dependent on calcium. |
