Physiology Ch. 61

Front 1

two vertebral and two carotid

Back 1

arteries that form circle of willis

Front 2

plial arteries

Back 2

what does the circle of willis give rise to

Front 3

penetrating arteries and arterioles

Back 3

what do pial arteries branch otu to?

Front 4

Virchow-robin space

Back 4

what seprates the penetrating vessels from the brain

Front 5

intracerebral arterioles

Back 5

what do penetrating vessels give rise to

Front 6

capillaries

Back 6

what do intracerebral arterioles give rise to?

Front 7

15 percent of resting cardiac output

Back 7

how much of resting cardiac output goes to brain?

Front 8

50-65 millilitres

Back 8

how many mL of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue goes to brain?

Front 9

carbon dioxide concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, oxygen concentration, and substnaces from astrocytes

Back 9

4 factors to regulate blood flow

Front 10

astrocytes

Back 10

non neuronal cells that couple neuronal activity with local blood flow regulation

Front 11

Increase in cerebral blood flow

Back 11

affect of cerebral blood flow with increase in CO2 concentration

Front 12

increase in CO2 means increase in carbonic acid when combind with water which dissociate into hydrogen ions which dilate blood vessels

Back 12

what is the mechanism behind CO2 increasing blood flow

Front 13

dilation and depress neuronal activity

Back 13

affect of hydrogen ions

Front 14

decrease in oxygen causes increase in blood flow

Back 14

oxygen affect on blood flow

Front 15

protoplasmic astrocytes

Back 15

astrocytes that cover most synpses

Front 16

electrical stimulation releases calcium from astrocytes which vasodialates arterioles

Back 16

how do astrocytes increase blood flow

Front 17

60 to 140 mm Hg

Back 17

limits of cerebral arterial pressure

Front 18

superior cervical sympathetic ganglia

Back 18

what nerves regulate cerebral arteries

Front 19

They send signals when pressure is too high to constrict large vessels, keeping the brain from hemorrhaging, or having a cerebral stroke

Back 19

how do sympathetic nerves work in the brain

Front 20

4x as many arteries and 4x higher metabolic rate than white matter

Back 20

Grey matter effect on arteries and metabolic rate

Front 21

provide support to prevent overstretching of capillaries. makes it less leaky

Back 21

function of glial feet from astroglial cells

Front 22

they are thickened

Back 22

thickness of small arterioles in hbp patient

Front 23

arteriosclerotic plaques that activate clotting mechanism

Back 23

cause of most strokes

Front 24

middle cerebral artery that supplies midportion of hemisphere. left side block makes them demented because of Wernicke's speech comprehension area and loss of words because of Broca's motor area

Back 24

one of most common strokes

Front 25

infarction of occipital pole same side causing loss of vision in both eyes in half of the retina on the same side as the stroke lesion

Back 25

affect of posterior cerebral artery block

Front 26

150 mL

Back 26

space occupied by cerebrospinal fluid that fills ventricles, cisterns around the outside of the brain, and in the subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord

Front 27

contrecoup

Back 27

blow to the head damages the opposite side of the head

Front 28

poles and inferior surfaces of frontal and temporal lobes

Back 28

sites of injury and contusions (bruises)

Front 29

coup injury

Back 29

same side brain injury

Front 30

shaken baby syndrome

Back 30

coup and contrecoup contusion

Front 31

500 mL from choroid plexus, mainly two lateral ventricles

Back 31

CSF amount made a day and location

Front 32

It passes from the third ventricle through the aqueduct of sylvius into the fourth ventricle then through the two lateral foramina of lushka and the midline foramen of Magendie, entering the cisterna magna

Back 32

the path of CSF

Front 33

the subarachnoid space then into arachnoidal villi

Back 33

what is the cisterna magna continuous with?

Front 34

Sodium pulls along chloride and you get osmosis of water through the membrane

Back 34

how does sodium affect secretion of fluid into ventricles by choroid plexus

Front 35

glucose moved into fluid,potassium and bicarbonate moved out

Back 35

transport of potassium, bicarbonate ions, and glucose relative to csf and capillaries

Front 36

arachnoidal granulations

Back 36

what protrude into the sinuses

Front 37

csf, dissolved proteins, red and white blood cells

Back 37

endothelial cells covering villi have vesicular passages for what?

Front 38

perivascular space

Back 38

space between pia and vessels

Front 39

out of capillaries into interstitial spaces into the csf, absorbed through arachnoidal villi into large cerebral veins

Back 39

path of leaked proteins

Front 40

the perivascular space

Back 40

closest to a lymphatic system that the brain has

Front 41

130 mm of water

Back 41

average pressure of csf when lying horizontal

Front 42

when csf is 1.5 mm Hg greater

Back 42

what pressure do villi allow csf to flow into blood

Front 43

increases pressure because decreases reabsorption

Back 43

affect of brain tumor on csf pressure

Front 44

fluid is pushed intooptic sheath between optic nerve fibers and it decreases outward fluid flow in optic nerves which accumulates excess fluid in the optic disc at center of retina which impedes flow of blood in the retinal vein

Back 44

how does high csf pressure cause edema of optic disc

Front 45

papilledema

Back 45

swelling of the optic disc

Front 46

hydrocephalus

Back 46

excess water in the cranial vault

Front 47

block in teh aqueduct of sylvius fro matresia before birth

Back 47

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Front 48

blockage of fluid flow in the subarachnoid spaces by blockage of arachnoidal villi

Back 48

communicating hydrocephalus

Front 49

the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and area postrema

Back 49

areas where substances diffuse with great ease

Front 50

blood-brain barrier

Back 50

specific carrier molecules for leptin that facilitate movement to hypothalamus where they control appetite is what barrier

Front 51

high permeability

Back 51

what kind of permeability for water, CO2, oxygen, lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol and anesthetics

Front 52

slight permeability

Back 52

electrolyte permeability

Front 53

impermeable

Back 53

plasma protein and non lipid soluble large organic molecules permeability

Front 54

increased capillary pressure or damage to the capillary wall such as a brain concussion

Back 54

causes of brain edema

Front 55

edema compresses vasculature which decreases blood flow and causes brain ischemia which causes arteriolar dilation which increases capillary pressure causing more edema fluiid. also, decreased cerebral blood flow decreases oxygen which increases permeability of capillaries, allowing for mroe fluid leak

Back 55

two vicious circles of brain edema

Front 56

to pump sodium and calcium ions outside and potassium inside

Back 56

why do eurons need excess metabolism

Front 57

It uses lots of glucose and glycogen

Back 57

how does tissue stay alive without oxygen

Front 58

nope. has a 2 minute supply

Back 58

does glucose need insulin in the brain

Front 59

can cause glucose to be transported to non-neural cells through body

Back 59

affect of too much insulin in a diabetic