Physiology Ch 60: The Autonomic Nervous System And Adrenal Medulla

Front 1

where do sympathetics originate

Back 1

T1 L2

Front 2

what do sympathetics pass through before passing into the tissues and organs

Back 2

sympathetic chain

Front 3

how are sympathetics different from skeletal neurons

Back 3

sympathetics have a preganglionic and a postganglionic neuron

Front 4

where foes the preganglionic neuron li e

Back 4

IML of the spinal cord

Front 5

two locations where post ganglionic sympathetic neurons can originate

Back 5

sympathetic chain ganglia or peripheral sympathetic ganglia

Front 6

T1

Back 6

head

Front 7

T2

Back 7

neck

Front 8

T3 - T6

Back 8

thorax

Front 9

T7- T11

Back 9

abdomen

Front 10

T12 L2

Back 10

legs

Front 11

what happens with adrenal medullae

Back 11

sympathetics pass through sympathetic chain without synapsing, synapses on modified neuronal cells

Front 12

sacral parasympathetic fibers at what nerve and level

Back 12

pelvic nerve s2 s3

Front 13

where are postganglionic parasympathetic ganglia located

Back 13

viscera

Front 14

acetycholine secreting nerves

Back 14

cholinergic

Front 15

norepinephrine secreting nerves

Back 15

adrenergic

Front 16

all parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic nerves are what type

Back 16

cholinergic

Front 17

almost all of postgang sympathetics are

Back 17

adrenergic - ACH

Front 18

almost all of post gang parasympathetics are

Back 18

cholinergic - norepinephrine

Front 19

varicosities

Back 19

where ach or norepinephrine are stored in neurons where synapse on muscles occurs

Front 20

ach formula

Back 20

acetyl co-A + choline

Front 21

enzyme that destroys unused noepinephrine

Back 21

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

Front 22

what happens to norepinephrine secreted in the blood

Back 22

destroyed by catchecol -o-methyl transferase in the liver

Front 23

what does a confirmational change in a receptor normally do

Back 23

closes or opens an ion channel

Front 24

loss of potassium does what

Back 24

makes cell less responsive/inhibits cell

Front 25

two types of ACH receptors

Back 25

muscarinic, nicotinic

Front 26

muscarinics where

Back 26

all effector cells of postgang cholinergic parasympathetic or sympathetic

Front 27

nicotinic

Back 27

autonomic ganglia at synapses between pregang and post gang neurons of sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 28

two types of adrenergic receptors

Back 28

alpha and beta

Front 29

noepinephrine effect on alpha beta

Back 29

mostly alpha

Front 30

epinephrine effect on alpha beta

Back 30

both equally

Front 31

what type of neurotransmitter would you want to use to stimulate beta receptors

Back 31

epinephrine

Front 32

isopropyl norepinephrine effect

Back 32

strong beta, no alpha

Front 33

eye sympathetic

Back 33

dialate

Front 34

eye parasympathetic

Back 34

constrict

Front 35

sweat gland sympathetics

Back 35

colinergic

Front 36

how do sweat glands respond to parasympathetics

Back 36

they dont

Front 37

apocrine gland innervation

Back 37

adrenergic sympathetic, nothing via parasympathetic

Front 38

parasympathetic stimulation on GI tract

Back 38

enhances peristalsis and relaxing sphincerts

Front 39

heart sympathetic

Back 39

inc contraction force and rate of contraction

Front 40

parasympathetic effect blood vessels

Back 40

little effect on systemic other than to dillate in certain sections

Front 41

what two factors influence arterial pressure

Back 41

propulsion of blood through heart and resistance of flow of blood through heart

Front 42

sympathetic stimulation of arterial pressure

Back 42

acute increase in pressure, but not long term unless increase in blood volume

Front 43

parasympathetic effect on vascular resistance

Back 43

nothing

Front 44

sympathetic stimulation of adrenal glands

Back 44

release epinephrine and norepniephrine

Front 45

which is more prevalent when released

Back 45

epinephrine is 80%

Front 46

difference between direct sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine and norepnephrine response

Back 46

hormones last 5-10 times longer

Front 47

which affects heart more norephinephrine or epinephrine

Back 47

epinephrine due to better beta stimulation

Front 48

why does epinephrine increase cardiac output and norepnephrine increase total peripheral resistance and arterial pressure

Back 48

because alpha receptors in vasculature constrict in response to norepnephrine increasing resistance while epnephrine has lesser effect by them

Front 49

which is stronger, epinephrine or norepnephrine

Back 49

epinephrine

Front 50

if loss of adrenal medulla what happens

Back 50

probably nothing as direct sympathetic stimulation still works

Front 51

difference between autonomic nervous system and skeletal

Back 51

autonomic requires less stimulation to fire than does skeletal

Front 52

sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone

Back 52

basal rates of continual nervous stimulation

Front 53

adjusting levels of sympathetic tone

Back 53

can dialate or constrict vessels (example) rather than just constricting

Front 54

how can tone be regained after dennervation

Back 54

intrinsic tone will regain itself by way of contraction force of smooth muscle cells

Front 55

tone regain sympathetic vs parasymp

Back 55

symp is faster, parasymp can take many months

Front 56

denervation supersensitivity

Back 56

whereby when something is devervated (symp or para) it becomes hypersensitive to that neurotransmitter

Front 57

baroreceptor

Back 57

increased stretch stimulates parasympathetics to relax

Front 58

what happens when person is scared

Back 58

mass discharge of sympathetics, alarm or stress response

Front 59

sympathetic stress response

Back 59

provide the body with extra activation in times of stress (also fight or flight/ alarm reaction )

Front 60

what happens to arterial pressure if the brainstem is transected right below the medulla

Back 60

arterial pressure drops to one half normal

Front 61

what happens to arterial pressure when the brainstem is transected above the midpontine level

Back 61

allows basal control, but prevents higher control (from hypothalamus)

Front 62

hypothalamic stimulation does what to arterial pressure

Back 62

increase significantly

Front 63

methoxamine

Back 63

sympatheomimetic drug

Front 64

phenylephrine

Back 64

adrenergic alpha drug

Front 65

isoprotenerol

Back 65

beta receptors

Front 66

albuterol

Back 66

beta 2 receptor

Front 67

ephedrine, tyramine, amphetamine

Back 67

indirectly act on norepnephrine nerve endings by stimulating release of norepniphrine

Front 68

how can synthesis of norepniphrine be stopped

Back 68

reserpine

Front 69

release of norepnephrine from nerve endings can be stopped with

Back 69

guanidithine

Front 70

how can sympathetic alpha receptors be blocked

Back 70

phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine

Front 71

how can sympathetic beta receptors be blocked

Back 71

beta 1, 2 - propanolol, beta 1 - metropolol

Front 72

hexamethonium

Back 72

stops transmissions of nerve impulses through sympathetic and parasympathetics

Front 73

why does injecting ach into the blood stream not work

Back 73

because acetocholinesterase breaks it apart very quickly

Front 74

two most common parasympatheticomimetics

Back 74

pilocarpine and methacholine - work on muscarinic receptors

Front 75

what drugs destroy ach at nerve endings

Back 75

neistigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium

Front 76

atropine, homatropine, and scopolamine

Back 76

block action of ach on muscarinic cholinergic effector organs, do not effect nicotinic action of ach

Front 77

nicotine excites what

Back 77

both parasympathetic and sympathetic receptors

Front 78

tetraethyl ammonium ion, hexamethonium ion and pentolinimum

Back 78

block ach stimulation from post gang in simpathetic and parasympathetic - used for blocking sympathetics ony